Strategies Unit-5DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategies Unit-5DB - Essay ExampleA virtual retailer must(prenominal) find companies which will supply the necessary commodities that it sells online. Though inventories are significantly lower than that of traditional retailer, meshwork retailers also need to have its warehouse. Virtual retailers also need to forge partnerships with logistics companies in the delivery of their products. Online cognitive process must also backed by support staffs which are committed in delivering a clear customer service.In monetary value of physical resources, online retailers less resources than a brick and mortar which operates on an international level. unrivalled virtual store is needed for an international internet retailer to serve all its global customers. A dot-com retailer also requires fewer inventories but it should be noted that companies must heavily authorize in computer hardware and software to support processes. Financially, an online operation requires smaller cash outlay to finance physical resources and overhead. It should also be noted that e-commerce necessitates lower levels of working capital and telecommunication costs. In terms of human resource, an international internet retailer needs to deploy more employees who will man golf-club taking and after-sales support. However, the total number of an international internet retailer is significantly lower than its brick and mortar counterpart. harmonise to AC Nielsen, Google, Inc.

Nelson Mandela - An International Leader Coursework

Nelson Mandela - An International Leader - Coursework ExampleHis involvement in the African National Congress (ANC) and the judicatures activities to end apartheid led to his im prisonment in 1964 when he pick upd a life sentence. His imagine was to end apartheid and after many obstacles including 27 years in prison his goal was finally achieved in 1994 when he became the first democratically elected black president of South Africa. Nelson Mandela Dream and the Fight to difference Apartheid Nelson Mandelas dream was a united South Africa where everyone had the same rights. This dream started with his membership and in the ANC where he was soon elected to the executive committee of the Youth League. His struggle to end apartheid landed him in prison where he won the respect of fellow inmates. While there he continued to work towards his dream. In fact, he indicated that the struggle was his life (Mandela 1994). He was not about to give up but had to tilt his approach (tactics) to achieve his goal. In prison it was never easy but his optimism kept him going (Henderson 1996). From his vii by seven foot prison cell he communicated with and influenced his fellow prisoners. His skills at negotiating were obvious. In fact, in an article published in The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education in the summer of 1999, Mandela was describe as very charismatic with great negotiation skills. His dream started to show signs of realization when he started to receive offers for release.

Material Values in A Raisan in the Sun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Material set in A Raisan in the Sun - Essay ExampleWalter Younger, the son of the family, was portrayed as the ane who is always after money, so he can invest in business and emerge successful. Noit was always money, Mama. We just didnt know about it. (Hansberry 34). Although, he has noble target of achieving success, his path to achieve that by mainly going for money even while hurting others, makes him a kind of antagonist of the story. However, Walter towards the abolish of the play realizes his mistake and transforms into a supportive figure and even the protagonist. He emerges as the central character, and amply supports his family as they wish to own a large field in a developed area. When the Youngers bribe an independent theatre of operations in a predominant white locality of Clybourne Park, they were dissuaded by the White nation residing there. One of the men from that group, Mr. Lindner, on behalf of the other white people, even goes to the extend of bribing the Y oungers to prevent them from moving into the Clybourne Park. The tout ensemble Younger family is struggling financi all toldy, but still they refuse to accept the money. Although Walter loses majority of the policy money because of the deception by one of his friends, he stands up for his familys wishes and refuses to accepts the money. Walter believes that buying and living in that particular house as wished by his father will provide him more honor than acquiring material values. If the Youngers family had standard money from Mr. Lindner, the dreams of each family member would have actualized but that would at the cost of values. Mama, the matriarch of the family, firmly refuses the money. goose egg in my family never let nobody payem no money that was a way of telling us we wasnt fit to walk the earth...We aint never been that - dead inside (Hansberry 34). The refusal of the Youngers to accept money even when they needed it and consequently holding on to their house, exhibit s how they hold self-worth and honor more dearer than material wealth. Walter loses the insurance money, after his friend Willy Harris escapes someplace with the money provided by Walter for their business initiative to set up a liquor store. Although he failed personally, he learns quick lessons and understands that achievement of his familys dream particularly of his dead father could give more contentment than the achievement of his personal dream. Walter believes that the new house was indirectly earned by his father through his insurance money for them, We have decided to move into our house because my fathermy fatherhe earned it for us brick by brick. (Hansberry 37). Thus, he puts optimum efforts, even avoiding the temptation of easy money, to buy and stay in the house of their choice. Youngers family is aware of the fact that if they abide in Clybourne Park, they could face numerous race related problems from the white people, who reside there. For their part, they gave th e commitment that they would have good relationship with the neighbors, without taking any racial stance. We dont want to make no trouble for nobody or fight no causes, and we will try to be good neighbors. And thats all we got to say about that. We dont want your money. (Hansberry 37). However they continue with their decision to

American Express Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

American pronounce - Research Paper ExampleIn business segment, American convey offers options to small business, merchants, and corporations, providing them powerful applications to run small business, card programs and solutions to corporations, and a host of other various merchant products such as merchant accounts and commercializeing etc. Broadly speaking, customer segment of American discourse can be divided into 5 categories, which include U.S. Card Services, International Card Services, Global net income and Merchant Services, Global Commercial, and Corporate & Other services. The customer base of American Express is worldwide it serves the market wherever it is providing its services through its workforce strength of 58,300 employees (American Express, 2011). American Express is a multi-product firm competing in the financial industry segment with annual revenue of $24.5 billion. Its Cards-in-force are 87.9 cardinal in number, and total assets $124 billion. The annual leveraging volume of American Express Cards is $620 billion (American Express, 2011). Stock market performance in the big board of the American Express for the first-quarter has been declared to the tune of $1.2 billion in net revenue, which is an plus of 33% from 885 million a year back, as reported on 20 April 2011. Diluted income per share was $0.97, recording an amplification of 33 percent from $0.73% one year back. The company has reported an increase of 7 percent in the consolidated total income net of interest expense, going up to $7.0 billion from previous years $6.6 billion. The company has been able to realize higher income because of increased spending by card members and increased propel commissions and fees, which has offset to some design reduced interest income because of reduced pay off on give portfolio (PHX, 2011). Quarters Ended Percentage March 31, Inc/Dec. 2011 2010 ______________________________________________________________________________ Total Revenue s pass of Interest Expense $ 7,031 $ 6,560 7 % Net Income $ 1,177 $ 885 33 % Earnings Per Common Share Diluted Net Income Attributed Shareholders $ 0.97 $ 0.73 33 % Average Diluted Shares smashing 1,198 1,191 1 % Return on Average Equity 27.9 % 18.0 % ______________________________________________________________________________ American Express has gained huge success in bringing fix improvement in the credit quality by reducing its consolidated nutrition for losses from $943 million in 2010 to $97 million in 2011. Consolidated expenses also recorded an increase of 19%, going up from previous years $4.4 billion to $5.2 billion, which has been attributed towards huge investment in business building and costs incurred on higher rewards. The company recorded an increase in recall on average equity (ROE) by 27.9 percent from the previous years 18.0 percent (New Release, American Express, 2011). Incidentally, the Board of Directors of American Express Company declared on 23 May 20 11 a regular quarterly dividend of $0.18 per common share, payable on August 10, 2011 to shareholders of record on July 1, 2011 (American Express, 2011). Major competitors of American Express are Capital One Financial Corporation, Visa Inc., Discover Financial Services, and MasterCard Incorporated, as given at a lower place from the stock performance of all of the companies. The American Express Company is leading in TTM sale to the extent of $28,290m while Capital One Fina

How do unemployment, under-employment and discouraged workers affect Research Paper

How do unemployment, under-employment and discouraged workers affect GDP in an economy - Research typography ExampleThe second one that is known as underemployment occurs when workers underutilize their skills in their current employment, and the last one takes guide when individuals stop finding jobs because they are discouraged with their fruitless(prenominal) effort of finding one (Thompson 78). All these forms of unemployment set out the Gross Domestic of a country. This paper will analyze how unemployment, discouragement, and underemployment lower GDP.First of all, when individuals finish school, they go forth seeking employment in the labor market. Some become lucky and get jobs while otherwises await on the search. The state refers to those who fail to get employed at the living wage rates as the unemployed. These individuals continue depending on their parents for funds that help them to survive and continue with the job search. The unemployed may in addition depend o n their friends who were lucky to get jobs after school. This further sum ups the dependency ratio in the economy. This inwardness that the individuals, who support the unemployed by giving them funds, reduce the amount of income that they save and invest (Thompson 81). They instead increase the amount of money that they set apart for consumption. The reduction in savings means that these individuals ca-ca less interest than they used to earn before. The reduction in interest rate then means that they earn less income from investment activities and this reduces the overall income of a country. The effect of this unemployment is based on Okuns law that states that a 1% increase in the rate of unemployment leads to a 2% decrease in the GDP (Boyes and Michael 226).The other form of unemployment takes place when workers discontinue their job search because of hopelessness. These individuals lose hope based on the feeling that they will never secure a job in the labor market at the e xisting wage rates. The loss of hope makes these individuals to either continue depending on their relatives and friends or engage in

UNIT 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNIT 6 - Essay ExamplePeterson had a reform of being certified of the plans to transfer his employment contract and the ownership of the station in advance. Peterson had a business to resign if he did non intend to extend his contract to Evening news barely he allow for not have any repair to claim for redundancy or unfair sack pay. If the working conditions in the new employer are worse, Peterson has a right to resign and claim for unfair dismissal pay. Peterson has a right to disagree with the transfer of his employment contract to a new employer. This is when the new employer wants to transfigure the term of the contract, which had been agreed by Peterson and the previous employer. If the employers want to change the terms of contract for the benefit of Peterson, it will be allowed. If the new employer wants to dismiss or make any redundancy for technical or an economic reason, Peterson has a right to redundancy payment. The employer should not select Peterson for redun dancy because he transferred from another company. (Beatty & Samuelson, 2007) Peterson has a right to enforce the contract between Post-Network and evening News because he was not considered in the transfer of the spot to Evening News yet he had signed a binding agreement with Post-Network as an employer for third years.It is not ethical for Evening News to prevent Peterson from changing job to work for the competing station because Peterson had informed them early of his plan to resign. In addition, Peterson had not entered into any contract with Evening News, as the contract was not changed during the transfer of the station. The previous employer of the transfer did not inform Peterson. Post-Network had a right to transfer the station but should have informed Peterson through a letter in advance that the station is transferred such that Peterson seat decide whether to work for the new employer or not. Collateral contract is whereby parties to a contract enter in to more than t wo

Marketing Research Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing explore - Coursework Exampleamong others. Therefore, it is essential for the universities to investigate well-nigh the perception of students regarding their offerings. In-depth knowledge about the perception and experience of students pull up stakes allow universities to bring in necessary changes in the education pattern and syllabus. In this report, the perception of students about the offerings of University of Wolverhampton lead be identified. In order to identify the same, this register will undertake both simple as well as secondary research. The secondary research will be done with the attend to of books, journal articles, newspaper and other authentic electronic sources. On the contrary, the primary research will be carried out with the help of survey process. The research instrument to be utilize for collecting the data from the respondents will be questionnaire. The reason behind employing questionnaire for the purpose of collection raw data is that it wil l allow velvet-textured collection of bulk data (Coombs and Hull, 1998 Hesse-Biber, 2011). Moreover, the cost to be incurred and time gestated for the survey will be comparatively less. Conversely, other research instruments such as observation, case study or focus convention interview will not be able to serve the purpose fully as these instruments does not support collection of bulk data and are mostly inclined with qualitative research. Furthermore, these studies will require more cost as a result of that the most feasible technique is questionnaire survey (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2010). at once the research instrument is selected, the next task is to choose the archetype state and sample size. The sample creation in this context will be the students of the university. The total sample size will be 100. The sample size has been determined with the help of Raosoft software and considering the convenience range of population which was 134. The confidence level used for selecting the candidates is around 95%. The report will finally draw a conclusion based on the result of the questionnaire survey among the students. Marketing Research Report Introduction This report seeks to investigate the perception of students of University of Wolverhampton. The study will be about how the students of the university perceives about the different factors of the university. The factors such as their thoughts on the university fee, education forest, quality of faculty etc. In this report, the feedback of the students pertaining to the views, perception and experience of the students will be recorded so as to identify their overall outlook about the university. On the basis of the findings, the study will draw a conclusion and will make some recommendations. Sampling Sampling is a process by which a subset of the population is chosen (Deming, 1996 J. Gliem and R. Gliem, 2003). It helps researchers to gain an overall perception of the overall population. According to Thompson (2012), sampling consists of selecting some circumstances of a population to observe so that one may estimate something about the whole population (p. 1). Since, the study aims to get insights into the perception of students about university the sample population for this study will be the stude

Development and new trend of holography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Development and new trend of holography - seek ExampleIt spate refer to either the encoded objects or the resulting image. A holographic image can be viewed shinning a laser via a hologram and projecting the reflection onto a display or by looking into a lit-up holographic print. A hologram appears to be an indefinable pattern of whorls and stripes, but, once shone on by a coherent combust such as by a laser beam, it configures the unaffixed into a three-dimensional image of the primary object (Hannes & Michael, 2008).Holography is founded on the principle of interference, whereby, the inference pattern amidst two or more rays of a coherent light, that is a laser light, is captured by a hologram. Here, a single ray is illuminated directly on the recording mean and operate as a reference to the light dispersed from the lit-up scene. Hence, the hologram captures a beam as it interests the entire part of film, which explains its explanation as a window with memory. A holographic f ilm physical medium is quite light-sensitive that includes a fine grains structure. Some of the most used materials include dichromate gelatins, photopolymers and silver-halide emulsions and all have variable characteristics and entail dissimilar processing (Hannes & Michael, 2008).A hologram is the documented interference pattern of constructive, intensity peaks, and destructive, elimination, of the covered-up light flap fronts known as the electromagnetic field. With a coherent light source and a decided geometry or a short pulse period, the interference pattern is at a stands till and, hence, can be recorded into the holograms photosensitive suspension. Afterwards, the hologram is chemically developed to a drumhead where the suspension acquires a modulated density, which freezes the inference pattern into fringes. When observing the modulated structure under a microscope, it appears different in comparison to the image encoded within. The density fringes are a scattered patt ern of wave front

Teacher and Gun in Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teacher and hitman in Schools - Essay ExamplePublic school teachers should non be armed because aegis is not their responsibility. Teachers are meant to impart knowledge to schoolchildren. There is no training of teachers that are meant to ensure that the child is gear up while in school. Arming teachers will not help in resolving incidences of violence and shaft in the school. In fact, even if the teacher is armed he will not be concentrating on ensuring that school compound and classroom are secure. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the state, and school administrators to ensure that maximum protection is provided in school. This is because security lapse outside the classroom is the one leads to shooting in the classrooms. For example, if there was maximum security outside Connecticut, the gunman could not spend a penny accessed the children in their classrooms. On the other hand, arming teachers will have far-reaching consequences for children. Mostly, carrying the gun in school will frighten the children especially those never exposed to the gun before. This is in all likelihood to affect their academic performance in school. Others who may be exposed to guns in their homes may go to sneak with guns in school, as this may perceive this as the acceptable culture. This is because they are likely to imitate their teachers. On the other hand, teachers carrying guns may lead to rising of the violent culture. Most of the children may grow up viewing violence as an acceptable thing in the society. For example, those children who tend to be exposed to guns at an early age are more likely to be violent in future (National link of School Psychologist 2). Additionally, public school teachers accessing guns may lead to lack of concentration in school. This may move on to both children and teachers. The teachers are less likely to handle two things at a time. They cannot take compassionate of security and at the same time teach children.

Johnson & Johnson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Johnson & Johnson - Essay ExampleThe organizations appointed website boasts of its major accomplishments, to wit The worlds sixth-largest consumer health company The worlds largest and most assorted medical devices and diagnostics company The worlds fifth-largest biologics company And the worlds eighth-largest pharmaceuticals company (Johnson & Johnson, 2012). However, disrespect the accolades and marked successes, Johnson & Johnsons history was likewise met with a crucial crisis that threatened their global existence through with(predicate) the Tylenol incident in 1982. The essay hereby aims to present how Johnson & Johnson handled business before anything was even venture from the potential scare of deadly cyanide incorporated into Tylenol capsules. Corporate Profile The origin of Johnson & Johnson was traced from the up-and-coming talents of three brothers, Robert Wood Johnson, James Wood Johnson and Edward Mead Johnson, who founded the organization in the year 1886 at refr eshed Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A. (Johnson & Johnson, 2012). The organization has acknowledged operating under the governance of a value system, termed Our Credo which was designed and true by Robert Wood Johnson in 1943 (Johnson and Johnson, 2012). ... Since the organization indicated that they manage more than 250 operating companies in 60 countries employing most 118,000 people (Johnson & Johnson, 2012), their management structure necessitates the application of a decentralized approach where business segments are sort into consumer health care, medical devices and diagnostics, as well as presciption products, parallel to the products produced and marketed. Historical Growth and Significant Developments prior to 1982 From information sourced from the Funding Universe (n.d.), the key developments for the organization prior to 1982 are as follows 1886 Johnson brothers begin producing dressings in New Brunswick, New Jersey. 1887 Company is incorporated as Johnson & Johnson. 18 93 Johnsons Baby Powder is introduced. 1921 Band-Aid brand adhesive bandages present their debut. 1924 Overseas expansion begins with the establishment of Johnson & Johnson Limited in the United Kingdom. 1932 Robert Johnson, known as the General, takes over leadership as president. 1943 Johnson writes the company credo. 1944 Company goes public on the New York Stock Exchange. 1959 McNeil Laboratories, Inc. (McNeil Labs) is acquired. 1960 McNeil Labs introduces Tylenol as an nonprescription(prenominal) (OTC) pain reliever. 1961 Janssen Pharmaceutica is acquired. 1975 Through a significant price decrease, Tylenol is transformed into a mass-marketed product (Funding Universe, n.d., par. 5). From the information, it could be deduced that the organization operated in simpler structure with only the major products such as the baby powder, the band-aid, and Tylenol that were

Pain in unresponsive patients Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pain in refractory patients - Essay ExampleA contributing factor for this could be that the various pain scales available for noncommunicative patients generally argon subjective and, therefore, lacking in inter-rater reliability. Besides, research in pain assessment tools has not been adequate. The major aims of this study ar (1) to liken the Numerical Rating Scale and the Behavioral Pain Scale for measuring pain in unresponsive patients, andPain is an important problem in critical care and accurate assessment of pain in the unresponsive patient is indeed a challenge. The unresponsive patients include pediatric, trauma, surgery, cancer, and critically ill, end-of- intent cases. The attending nurses are generally accountable for pain counseling in the patient. It is estimated that critically ill patients dying in the intensive care unit account for nearly 20% of the hospital deaths (Rocker & Curtis, 2003). Hence, nursing care decisions made at the end of life are crucial for th e comfort of the patient. Palliative care has been defined by the World Health administration as the total care of patients and families whose disease is not responsive to curative treatment (WHO, 1990, p.11). Assessment and management of pain in the palliative care is a very difficult process especially in the case of a non-verbal patient (Gambrell, 2005). Health-care providers play an active role in managing pain and providing comfort to such patients. But unmitigated pain in the absence of adequate use of analgesics and sedatives can lead to raise morbidity and mortality in patients in the ICU (Ahlers et al., 2008).The tools available for pain assessment in noncommunicative patients are mostly subjective which is a great drawback. Ideally, an objective tool for quantification of pain intensity capable of providing a quick feedback would be needed to provide comfort to the unresponsive patient (Gambrell, 2005). Critically ill patients intend a variety of hormonal changes and n eurogenic blockade and analgesia with local anaesthetics can prevent

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Examplee (1990) reported that searchers generally ignored the importance of motivation and somebody differences in their bid to understand cognition, he asserts that college lecturers must consider these two concepts in their delivery of the diverse subject matter. Thus, he stressed the need for lecturers to consider not only students acquisition of knowledge provided also their motivation to continue education even after their college days are ended. He hence advocated life long learning as a major aim of the college education system.Three let out factors utilized by Mc Keachie (1990) and his associates to analyze cognitive psychology and motivation theory include firstly, the pre-knowledge that students communicate to their learning experiences, secondly, the issue of deep versus surface processing of learning which is determined by students active battle in the learning process and thirdly, the importance of nurturing the intrinsic motivatio n of the learner.Specifically, Mc Keachie (1990) and his associates investigated the learning strategies and motivational characteristics of students enrolled in Biology, English, Psychology or Sociology at three different colleges.(130) Special emphasis was paid to the rudiments of research in a natural setting.In general, the authors focused on the interest and achievement level of noisome students. The researchers concluded in spite of their inability to over-generalize due to the small sample size that supportive structures were need early in the course and assistance must be given to students to develop effective learning strategy and study skills.(138) Furthermore, Mc Keachie (1990) posits that three items are of major importance in the teaching and concern/improvement of the motivation level of students, namely, finding out what is in the mind of the learner, the identification of key concepts and their relationships and student self-efficacy in mobilizing energies for

Supply chain management and SC partnership Essay

append chain counseling and SC partnership - Essay usageHe also believed that companies should own and control virtually every aspect of its business. Late 1970s and early 1980s witnessed the knowledge of the manufacturing strategy paradigm. The thinkers of the time argued that a company should devise a focused strategy, creating a focused pulverization that performs a cell nucleus activity that the company is best at. Late 1980s saw the development of quality charge for setting international quality standards. The International Organization for Standardization created the ISO 9000 certification standards with this purpose in view.Innovations in the process of operations led to the development of Business Process Reengineering in the 1990s. Companies saw the need to sound lean in their manufacturing process to remain competitive and BPR aided by helping them eliminate the non-value added travel in their manufacturing process and computerizing the remaining ones to achieve low -cost and higher quality. Then came the Supply chain prudence applying a total system approach to managing the flow from suppliers through factories and warehouses to the end customers. Internet aided the advancement during the late 1990s bringing supply chain management to its current level as an essential atom of business activity (Chase, Jacobs and Acquilano, 2004).Supply-chain management (SCM) is a method for integrating a manufacturers operations with those of all of its suppliers and customers and their intermediaries. SCM seeks to combine the relationships and operations of several-tier suppliers in meeting necessities such as quantity, delivery and the timely exchange of information (Gunasekaran and Ngai, 2004).Supply Chain ManagementSupply chain management is the discipline of managing the movement of raw materials into an organization and the ideal products out of the organization. SCM is an approach that encompasses every process concerned in manufacturing a product, from source to consumption. There has to be a linkage between the suppliers that provide inputs, manufacturing and service support operations that transform the inputs into products and services, and the distribution and local service providers that localize the product (Chase, Jacobs and Acquilano, 2004). This involves building a network that allows a flow of materials, without a grass or hitch, throughout the process of production. This flow is fuelled by co-operation, and co-ordination among the diverse channel partners.Supply chain management thrives on improving efficiency and reducing cost of production by focusing on the core competencies of a company. Functions such as procurement of raw materials and distribution of products are outsourced to companies that are better render and more cost-efficient to perform them.Strategic planning is necessity to develop a network to monitor lizard the supply chain so that it is efficient, costs less and delivers high quality and va lue to customers. Information engineering has helped integrate the various components of SCM by building a network that aids in sharing necessary data between all supply chain partners within a system.A company

Employee commitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee commitment - Essay typeInterestingly enough, some of the more recent literature on leadership does reflect at to the lowest degree an implicit recognition of employee commitment in a multidimensional sense. For example, the concepts of developmental leadership and transformational leadership accent the importance of employee empowerment, team building, and overall company vision-sharing (Knights and Wilmott, 2007). These approaches all recognize the importance of commitment, as opposed to compliance, as the most effective route to crossingivity.A simple way to think about these changes is that pressures from both the product market and the labor market are now taken inside the company and brought to bear on individual employees (Knights and Wilmott, 2007). The more traditional employee relationship buffered employees from market forces, the newfangled relationship is mediated much more powerfully by the market. For workers, these developments represent a new psychologi cal agreement at work, a new set of implicit expectations between employer and employee.Perhaps the most important part of the traditional psychological contract at work was employee commitment to the organization, which developed in part in return for employer offerings such as job security and other protections from the variability of employment associated with outside markets (D

Hitler and the Munich Beer Hall Putsch (1923) Term Paper

Hitler and the Munich Beer Hall Putsch (1923) - Term radical ExampleAfter the failed attempt of Munich Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler was sentenced to fie years in prison while being convicted of treason. During the spare-time activity one year, he dictated his autobiography. Called Mein Kampf, based on his political career. While he did not strike down more than one year in prison, the event made him a national hero, as he pursued the fresh attempts to rebuild the Nazi party within the given legal framework.After the expectant loss in World War I and very unfavorable terms of Versailles treaty, the nation had been veneer some economic hurdles. The years following this witnessed national instability with veterans and rebellious youths swelling the membership of some(prenominal) the right and left wing parties with the aim of overthrowing the government through armed struggle. The successful March to capital of Italy by Mussolini that gave power to fascists in Rome during October 192 2 provided inspiration for the youths who had joined Hitlers Nazi party to canalise out such an attempt in Germany. As Nazis prepared for the coup attempt, the membership of this party had exceeded or so 50,000. Accordingly, Hitler planned to start a March on Berlin movement for taking over the national government.During this time, many responsible authorities of Bavarian state government were agitating against the federal policies on the issue of immunity to Franco-Belgian occupation troops. This resulted in their preparation for a coup against the Berlin rule. Accordingly, they discussed the strategy for such action on the even out of 8 November 1923, while meeting at a hall in the eastern part of Munich. In the meanwhile all nationalist and radical forces had formed a coalition called Kampfbund to give it a underframe of a combat league. However, as Hitler was not invited to the Bavarian meeting of November 8, the rivalry of Hitler and Bavarian President Kahr resulted in the deposition of Bavarian government. Accordingly, the

Experience in a Group Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

live on in a Group Project - Essay ExampleThe Cardinal Newman College owns St Augustine Centre that is essentially is a leisure centre. Located in the heart of Avenham, the St Augustine Center has a lot of facilities to provide the community with that overwhelm precisely are not limited to sports, library and recreation. Newman College is one of the best colleges in the area and is for students ancient between 16 and 18 years. St. Augustines Regeneration Trust (START) was the original owner of this building. The centre heart-to-heart in 2005 with the aid of Diocese that imparted 500,000 to START along with forwarding a Letter of Comfort to the banking gild worth 1.1 million. Unfortunately, money was used wrongly and the loan had to be raised to 700,000. After some years, diocesan Trustees resolved to give this building in the control of Cardinal Newman College and proposed that the local community secured the facilities. The Diocesan loan has been returned. Our goal was to en hance the use of this gist by the local community. For that, we had to generate awareness among the community, increase center and gym memberships among the local community, improve the prize of fitness programs, and develop retention methods.In order to procure the task, five students were assigned to our group, me included. For the rest of the paper, I shall refer to them as A (me), B, C, D, and E. After our group had formed, the initial challenge that we had to face was the selection of company with a problem that fell in the scope of our athletic field and was also worth spending the time call backing solution for. Different members came up with different proposals, but either the problem was too aggravated to be solved in the time we had or else, the company was not willing to let us intrude into their business. After much search and days of regular struggle, we were able to find Newman College with the problem of church utility. Soon after we had found it, we conducted a thorough books review of the college to see the origin of the problem, what events had happened since its formation till now, and the challenges that the college administration was facing with respect to the church. We approached the college administration for this, introduced ourselves and proposed to find a solution for their problem. They happily agreed to provide all assistance that we might need in our way of finding the solution for this long cultivated problem. The five of us took care of the different areas. I was chosen as the leader, so my task was to administer the project, enhance the coordination and cooperation among team members, keep the project on the track, and keep track of time and cost because we had time and cost constraints and could not spend beyond the add up specified by our college. I would provide all team members with the required equipment and facilities and would ensure their maximum utility. B took the charge of generating awareness. C was respons ible to improve the center and gym memberships. D was to devise and improve the quality of fitness programs and E was supposed to develop the retention methods. Marketing, finances and human resources happen to be the see elements for success in any project, so our start-off meeting with Cardinal Newman was about these elements. From our side, B met with Katie OReilly, the Director of Corporate Resources. This meeting was very useful and generated important information for us regarding the project. After the first meeting, B was assigned the task of conducting all correspondence and meetings with Katie. The meetings were not scheduled strictly. They were irregular in public but were conducted quite often.

Q Manual Essay Example for Free

Q manual of arms EssayAfter the lecture Tutorials and your breeding recital in your study 2. 8. 1 Reading to understand or comprehend 2. 8. 2 Reading for vituperative comment Checklist for studying faculty building blocks and courses 13 14 14 15 16 16 Chapter 3 The research process A basic guide 3. 1 The research process 3. 1. 1 Step 1 Understand the assignment head/question(s) 3. 1. 2 Step 2 Decide what conformation of schooling you occupy to complete the assignment 3. 1. 3 Step 3 Decide where to look for this entropy 3. 1. 4 Step 4 Develop and use a search strategy for database searching 3. 1.5 Step 5 Evaluate the randomness found and revise the plan 3. 1. 6 Step 6 Presentation 3. 1. 7 Step 7 Final evaluation Using the Internet for research 3. 2. 1 Some further tips for productive Internet research 17 17 17 17 18 18 20 22 22 23 23 3. 2 Chapter 4 Academic makeup skills 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 Characteristics of successful writing 4. 1. 1 Responding to the task Exam questi on, score and Finance 4. 2. 1 Initial analysis, key term and statements Structuring your writing clearly 4. 3. 1 Writing body structure Forming and gestateing your side on the task 4. 4. 1 Crystallised reply 4.4. 2 Plan the response musical accompaniment your perspective 4. 5. 1 Paragraph structure 4. 5. 2 usage of references Presenting a consistent and logical response Expressing your ideas clearly 4. 7. 1 Formal academic phrase 4. 7. 2 Some separate features of academic language Checklist for academic writing skills 25 25 25 27 27 27 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 33 34 34 36 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 Chapter 5 Writing essays 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 Analyse the task Synthesise your randomness Plan the essay Reference the sources of information 37 37 37 37 38 Chapter 6 Writing a literature review 6. 1 6. 2 6. 3 6.4 The nature of a literature review Procedure for completing a literature review Writing the literature review Checklist for a literature review 39 39 40 40 41 Chapter 7 Repo rt writing 7. 1 The process 7. 1. 1 Identify the blueprint of the underwrite 7. 1. 2 Identify the readers and their needs 7. 1. 3 Research the matter 7. 1. 4 Outline the report 7. 1. 5 Write the draft 7. 1. 6 Edit the draft 7. 1. 7 The finished product 7. 2 Report presentment and lay step to the fore 7. 2. 1 Structure of a report 7. 3 Report writing checklist 42 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 44 44 44 46 Chapter 8 Case study method 8. 1 8. 2 Some general issues fuss solving case format.49 49 49 Chapter 9 Academic integrity and h binglesty avoiding piracy in written hold up 9. 1 9. 2 What is plagiarism? Monash University Statute 4. 1 and policy regarding plagiarism 9. 2. 1 What happens when plagiarism is suspected 9. 2. 2 Students responsibility Using references suitably in your written plump Use of references in writing 9. 4. 1 Unsuitable use of references Suitable integration of references 9. 5. 1 Techniques for victimisation an authors ideas 9. 5. 2 A summary 9. 5. 3 Paraphrasing , or writing in your possess words Conclusion 51 51 52 53 53 54 54 54 55 55 56 56 57 9. 3 9. 4 9. 5 9. 6 Chapter 10 Referencing.10. 1 10. 2 10. 3 10. 4 What is referencing? When should you reference? Why should you reference your fake? Referencing utilize the APA expressive style 10. 4. 1 Creating in-text citations 10. 4. 2 Creating a reference list Footnoting 10. 5. 1 In-text citations using footnotes 10. 5. 2 Creating the bibliography 58 58 58 59 59 59 62 69 70 74 10. 5 Chapter 11 Presentation skills 11. 1 11. 2 11. 3 What is a demonstration? Planning and preparation 11. 2. 1 Analysing your auditory sense Presentation design 11. 3. 1 Objective 11. 3. 2 Content 11. 3. 3 Structure Visual live 11. 4. 1 Handouts Delivery 11. 5. 1 Methods of delivery 11.5. 2 Rehearsal Nerve control 11. 5. 3 11. 5. 4 Your voice 11. 5. 5 Non-verbal communication Group presentations 11. 6. 1 Team balance 11. 6. 2 Transitions 11. 6. 3 weather for the speaker 11. 6. 4 Your role as coach Evaluating t he presentation Why do some presentations go wrong? 76 76 76 76 76 76 77 77 79 79 80 80 80 80 80 81 82 82 82 82 82 83 83 11. 4 11. 5 11. 6 11. 7 11. 8 Chapter 12 Exam strategies Preparing for exams 12. 1. 1 Establish the type of exam 12. 1. 2 Develop a encompassing agreement of the units objectives 12. 1. 3 Develop summaries of topics 12. 1. 4 Review unit genuine and topics 12.1. 5 coiffure past exam questions 12. 1. 6 threefold choice questions 12. 1. 7 Short answer and essay questions 12. 1. 8 Calculation questions 12. 2 Operating in the exam 12. 2. 1 Reading and noting snip 12. 2. 2 complementary the exam Answering multiple choice questions 12. 2. 3 12. 2. 4 Completing written response questions 12. 3 Checklist for exams 12. 1 84 84 84 84 85 85 85 85 86 87 87 87 87 88 88 88 Q Manual Preface and Ac intimacyments The invention of the Q (for Quality) Manual is to provide new scholars with practical and easily accessible information regarding university- direct study.As its n ame suggests, this emergence is aimed at change magnitude your effectiveness as a student. For many of you who experience not experienced university level study, the Q Manual ordain provide you with ideas, suggestions and guidelines to enable you to achieve academic success by producing quality change state, and acquire it hireted on fourth dimension. We suggest you read the Q Manual thoroughly and refer to it often throughout your course of study. The Q Manual commences with an overview of the lag of transmission line and political economy, its goals, structure and expectations regarding student carrying out, as well as important policy information about student sagacity.The next chapter provides useful advice in comparison to get d inducees to study at the university level. Then follows the legal age of the Q Manual, which focuses on research skills, academic writing skills, and in intermiticular, chapters devoted to commonly required academic assignments, such as essays, literature reviews, reports and case study method. The section relating to academic writing and assignment preparation is followed by chapters covering academic honesty and referencing techniques. The final sections of the Q Manual cover vocal presentation skills and exam strategies. at that place atomic number 18 many people whose valuable contri simplyions to this edition of the Q Manual must be ac intimacyd. They include (in no particular order) Andrew Dixon, Caul bailiwick Campus Library David Horne, Caulfield Campus Library Owen Hughes, cap world power of wrinkle and economic science Sally Joy, Faculty of Business and political economy Lynne Macdonald, Faculty of Business and Economics Michael Scorgie, Department of Accounting and Finance Claire Tanner, Faculty of Arts Our special give thanks go to Lynne Macdonald and Claire Tanner for the many hours spent collating and editing the content and for coordinating production of the Q Manual.Without your efforts and patience, this edition could not have been published. Sincere thanks in any case go to my dear friend and colleague, Glenda Crosling, who has collaborated with me for many years on a number of signifi fagt educational projects for the faculty. A dedicated educator, Glenda works enthusiastically and tirelessly, keeping an move over mind, and virtually importantly, al expressive styles retaining her wonderful sense of humour Glenda in like manner thanks Nell for her collegiality, dedication, inspiration and hard work on this and other educational projects.Together, we have produced a publication that we hope exit abet you in your studies. Finally, we wish you a stimulating, challenging and rewarding drill experience throughout your under potassium alum and postgraduate studies with the Faculty of Business and Economics. Nell Kimberley Department of Management Faculty of Business and Economics January, 2008 Glenda Crosling Education Adviser Faculty of Business and Economi cs Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1 Welcome Congratulations on your subscribeion to study one of the courses offered by the Faculty of Business and Economics at Monash University.This manual is intended to provide you with information on how to produce quality work and achieve the best possible results in your interrogatives. The major(ip) goal of the university is to countenance you to obtain an excellent education so that you whitethorn take your place in society as a well-qualified graduate. It is important to note that while the courses provide the breeding support and the necessary modeling for your studies, success mass be achieved only through your personal commitment and dedication to hard work throughout all the years of your course.The followers information is aimed at familiarising you with the Monash University study environment and increasing your effectiveness as a Monash student, thitherby enabling you to reach your potential. For those of you who be experiencing university level study for the archetypical time, this manual will lay an important foundation and prep argon you for a new world. 1. 2 Monash University Monash University was constituted in 1961 and named after General Sir conjuring trick Monash (18651931). Sir John was a soldier, scholar and engineer, and the Commanding General of the Australian forces in France in World War 1.In addition, as the first Chairman of the State electricity Commission, he took on the immense task of overseeing the development of the LaTrobe Valleys brown coal resources. Sir John was a man of wide interests and vast intellectual fly the coop. He was this countrys first touch on of Engineering and exemplifies the Universitys motto Ancora Imparo (I am still watch outing). The university now has a population of more than 50,000 students from over 100 countries, who speak 90 languages. There are eight Monash campuses and deuce centres, in Italy and London. The primary pursuits of give lessonsing an d research are carried out in the universitys ten faculties.The faculties, which each cover a specialized body of knowledge, are Art and Design Arts Business and Economics Education Engineering nurture Technology Law Medicine, Nursing and health Sciences Pharmacy and Science. 1. 3 1. 3. 1 Faculty of Business and Economics Goals The aim of the faculty is to use its scale, scope and unique internal diversity to become an international attraction in the pursuit, dissemination and analysis of knowledge, particularly in the disciplines of accounting, banking, econometrics, economics, finance, take awayment, marketing, and tourism.By the coat of such knowledge, its staff and students will contribute to the economic, social and commercial development of Australia and other countries in an increasingly globalised environment. 1. 3. 2 Faculty structure The Faculty of Business and Economics is the largest faculty in the university, with more than 17,000 students enrolled over five Austr alian campuses at Berwick, Caulfield, Clayton, Gippsland and Peninsula, as well as in Malaysia and South Africa.In addition to a diverse endure of undergraduate bachelors degrees, the faculty offers a comprehensive prevail of graduate courses including an executive certificate, graduate certificates and diplomas, masters degrees by coursework and research, the Master of Business Administration, the Doctor of Business Administration, the Master of Philosophy and the Doctor of Philosophy. Courses are delivered on campus, usually through lectures, tutorials and WebCT Vista, while offcampus students are catered for by distance education. 1 The Dean and the main faculty mail are located on the Caulfield campus.In addition, there are faculty staff located at the other campuses. Go to http//www. buseco. monash. edu. au/student/contact/ for location and contact enlarge. 1. 3. 3 Departments and centres The Business and Economics faculty is subdivided into organisations that are responsi ble for particular areas of knowledge. There are six departments and dickens research centres. The departments are Accounting and Finance, Business Law and Taxation, Econometrics and Business Statistics, Economics, Management, and Marketing. The research centres are Centre of Policy Studies, and Centre for Health Economics.They cover fields of study including accounting, banking, vocation law, telephone line statistics, economics, econometrics, finance, international business, management, human resource management, marketing, taxation and tourism. some(prenominal) your major or areas of study it is essential that you have an understanding of each of the disciplines and how they interact with each other in the boilers suit operations of a business organisation. 1. 3. 4 Aims for learning at Monash University and in the Faculty of Business and Economics The university and the faculty recognise the needs of students for their lives following graduation.As a Monash graduate you will be operating in a globalised and rapidly-changing world, and the university and faculty aim to develop in students attributes beyond the force to understand and operate competently with course and unit content. The aims are that students will develop in ways that will enable them to Engage in an internationalised and increasingly globalised world Engage in discovery, analysis, integration and application for problem solving and learning with knowledge Communicate competently orally and in writing across cultures and settings, including their specific disciplines.As you undertake your studies, you will notice an emphasis on these attributes and you will be act in activities and tasks to help you develop them. In the following chapters of this guide, we explain the influences of these attributes on your progress to study. 1. 3. 5 Units distributively department offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate units. In a three-year undergraduate degree, there are twenty -four units, with four units to be taken in each semester (parttime students would normally undertake two units each semester). The unit leader or coordinator is responsible for the garbage disposal of the particular unit.You can consult with your unit leader, and or coordinator in larger units you may also consult with the other lecturers and tutors. 1. 3. 6 consumption of lecturers/tutors Lecturers and tutors have a key role as facilitators of your learning. They are able and most willing to help you with your studies and can be contacted using your student email account. Their email addresses are located in the unit outline. Alternatively, academic staff can be contacted during their consultation hours which are often posted on their door or outside the mainadministration office. 1. 3. 7 Role of on-line(a) sources of information Monash has adopted a learning management system which provides you with access to on-line unit information. The web contains information that you need to know for the unit, two of an administrative nature as well as useful material for your studies. 2 1. 3. 8 Role of course directors/coordinators If you are encountering academic process issues, course progression and similar problems you should initially discuss these with scroll officers or course advisers.You may, occasionally, then be referred to course directors or course coordinators to help with these issues. Undergraduate students are referred to course directors or course coordinators by the faculty office and postgraduate students by departmental administration staff. If referred, course directors and coordinators are available during their consultation hours. 1. 3. 9 Additional important information The Undergraduate and graduate student Handbooks and the Student Resource transport provide important information regarding various aspects of university life.The Student Resource Guide is distributed to all students at the time of initial enrolment and is available on- line at www. monash. edu. au/pubs. It contains details of the universitys code of practice for teaching and learning, as well as grievance and appeals procedures. Further copies can be obtained from Student Service Centres on all campuses. An excellent resource for students is also available on-line via the student link on the Business and Economics Faculty webpage at http//www. buseco. monash. edu. au/student/.The land site contains links to important information regarding courses and units, admissions and enrolments, schools and departments, exams and results, administration, study resources, calendars and timetables, IT and computing, support services, careers and employment, international students, and clubs and associations. 1. 4 Faculty expectations of student performance As students of the faculty, there are a number of units that you will study as part of your course. Although these units may have take issueing methods of opinion, the faculty has the following expectation s of your behaviour and performance. 1. 4. 1.Attendance and participation at lectures and tutorials Lectures and tutorials are central to your performance in the university. Lectures provide the material you require in order to understand the overall nature and direction of the unit. Important concepts and analysis can be emphasised by the lecturer and put into context for the student. Tutorials are a vital part of your studies. They reinforce lecture material and provide you with an opportunity to discuss material presented in lectures, as well as to ask questions. Tutorials also provide you with the opportunity to develop your oral communication skills.The material presented is not designed to give you one view on a topic but to facilitate your understanding of the issue under discussion. Where there are alternative views on an issue, you should learn to articulate, critically nuzzle and assess these differing positions. 1. 4. 2 Special consideration and extension of time for sub mission of an assessment task Students need to use a Special Consideration Application when applying for Special Consideration for overall assessment, end-of-semester examinations, or additional assessment for a unit (or units) studied during the current semester.Please refer to the following webpage for information on both faculty and university special consideration policy and procedures http//www. buseco. monash. edu. au/ secretariate/policies/spec-con. hypertext markup language Students who require more time to complete a piece of work should apply for an extension of time for submission of an assessment task. Reasons for special consideration include serious short term circumstances beyond the students control, such as illness, accident, personal trauma, family emergency or compassionate grounds. Applications should be discussed with the quizzer/lecturer/tutor responsible for assessing the task.Please refer to the current student faculty webpage for forms and further informati on http//www. buseco. monash. edu. au/student/exams/specconsemester. hypertext mark-up language 3 1. 4. 3 Workload You are expected to undertake reclusive study in addition to attending lectures and tutorials. Preparation of work to be discussed in tutorials is essential. You will also be required to complete assignments and projects and submit them on the due dates. When taking into account the work carried out during mid-semester breaks and exam weeks, you would expect to study more than thirty hours each week.1. 4. 4 Self-reliance Compared to your school experience, at the university you are expected to be more independent and self-reliant. In contrast to teachers at school, lecturers and tutors usually teach large numbers of students, sometimes as many as one thousand. They are happy to assist you, but you need to antenna the staff member and be clear about what you wish to discuss. It is also your responsibility as a self-reliant student to attend lectures and tutorials, pr epare your tutorial work and submit all written work on time. 1. 4. 5 Time management.The expectation at the university is that you learn to manage your own time. This applies to full-time students who have a great deal of time available outside of classes, as well as for part-time students who have to balance work and study. The following chapter on study techniques in this manual provides, among other things, some helpful hints on how to best manage your time and get the most out of your career as a student. 1. 5 Student assessment Assessment in a unit may be made up of several components a formal examination, essays, tests, assignments, oral presentations and tutorial participation.Assessment details for each unit are provided in the unit guide that you will hear in the first week of each semester. The final mark that a student receives in a unit will be determined by the table of examiners on the recommendation of the chief examiner, taking into account all aspects of assessme nt. The rights of students to have assessed work re-marked are determined at the departmental level. A student can only be failed after the exam paper has been marked by two staff members. All results are reviewed by the unit leader.You can find further information relating to the universitys assessment in undergraduate units and the responsibilities of examiners using the main policy bank link at http//www. buseco. monash. edu. au/secretariat /policies/ 1. 5. 1 Examinations For details of examination regulations, please refer to the Monash University Calendar http//www. monash. edu. au/pubs/calendar/ 1. 5. 2 Use of English dictionaries and ready reckoners As English is the language of instruction within Monash University, foreign language translation dictionaries are not permitted to be used by students sitting examinations.Calculators are permitted if specified on the examination paper, but some units may have a calculator restriction. Students are advised to familiarise themselve s with any calculator restrictions applying in units they are studying. For permitted calculator(s) for examinations and units of study go to the faculty policy link at http//www. buseco. monash. edu. au/secretariat/policies/calculator. html 4 1. 5. 3 Results At the end of each semester, following the completion of examinations, a board of examiners considers student performance as a whole before the results are published.All undergraduate and coursework graduate students who pass are stratified into the categories of high distinction, distinction, credit and pass. Honours courses use a diametric grading system, classified into first class, second class division A, second class division B, third class and pass. 1. 5. 4 Marks and grades Following is a list of marks and grades used within the faculty 049 4049 4549 5059 6069 7079 80100 N NS NP P C D HD NE WH blend Fail, supplementary exam awarded by Board of Examiners only to graduate students and under special circumstances mount pass is only awarded to undergraduate students.It may be awarded for the last unit to complete a degree. lean Credit Distinction High distinction Not examined. Used when a unit is taught over two semesters Withheld. Used, for example, when assessment is outstanding due to a special consideration application or incomplete assessment. DEF Deferred examination granted SFR Satisfied faculty requirements This grading system will be current until 2009. For amendments after this time go to http//www. buseco. monash. edu. au/secretariat/policies/methods-assessment. html 1. 5. 5 Honours gradingHonours units are graded as follows Below 50 5059 6069 7079 80100 Fail HIII HIIB HIIA HI 5 1. 5. 6 Examples of grades and corresponding achievement levels HD High Distinction 80100% D Distinction 7079% A very high standard of work which demonstrates originality and insight C Credit 6069% Demonstrates a high level of understanding and presentation and a degree of originality and insight Thorough under standing of core texts and materials P Pass 5059% Satisfies the minimum requirements N Fail 049% Fails to satisfy the minimum requirements General description.Outstanding or exceptional work in terms of understanding, interpretation and presentation Strong endorse of independent reading beyond core texts and materials Demonstrates insight, awareness and understanding of deeper and more subtle aspects of the topic. major power to consider topic in the broader context of the discipline Demonstrates imagination or flair. Demonstrates originality and independent thought Highly developed analytical and critical skills Ability to solve very challenging problems Reading manifest of reading beyond core texts and materials order of having read core texts and materials.Very little evidence of having read any of the core texts and materials Knowledge of topic Evidence of an awareness Sound knowledge of and understanding of principles and concepts deeper and more subtle aspects of the topi c Knowledge of principles scrimp knowledge of and concepts at least principles and concepts adequate to communicate intelligently in the topic and to serve as a basis for further study Articulation of argument Evidence of imagination or flair. Evidence of originality and independent thought Clear evidence of analytical and critical skills.Well-reasoned argument based on broad evidence Sound argument based on evidence Very little evidence of ability to construct coherent argument Analytical and evaluative skills Problem solving Evidence of analytical and evaluative skills Some evidence of analytical and evaluative skills Very little evidence of analytical and evaluative skills Ability to solve non-routine Ability to use and apply problems fundamental concepts and skills Well developed skills in expression and presentation Good skills in expression and presentation. Accurate and consistent acknowledgement of sources. adapted problem-solving Very little evidence of skills problem-sol ving skills Expression and presentation appropriate to the discipline Highly developed skills in expression and presentation Adequate skills in expression and presentation Inadequate skills in expression and presentation. Inaccurate and inconsistent acknowledgement of sources cum University of Adelaide 2005 6 Chapter 2 Approaching study in the Faculty of Business and Economics Introduction try out at university is like a full-time job that requires commitment, and cannot just be added on to a range of other interests.It differs in many ways from study in other educational settings. A major difference is the independence and self reliance expected of students in their study. This idea concerns Managing your time, balancing your study with other commitments. Your approach to learning in your units. In this chapter, we discuss the implications of independence and self reliance for the way you approach your studies. Assistance with time management is also available from university l earning and personal support services, go to http//www. monash.edu/pubs/handbooks/srg/srg-266.html for faculty and campus contacts. 2. 1 The study mindset The units that you study present information, concepts and theories. It is expected that you will understand these fully. In addition, you must think critically and analytically so that you can evaluate and apply the knowledge, concepts and theories to different situations. You also need to think about the information from international and global perspectives, and to communicate your thinking clearly and appropriately orally and in writing.This factor that you must do more in your written work than still describe the concepts and knowledge, which will not get you good marks. There are times when you do need to provide definitions and an overview of concepts and theories, but such information usually only functions as an introduction for your integration of ideas, critical analysis and application, in relation to the issue, topi c and task. Integration of information and critical and analytical thinking are central to the idea of independence in study. It means that you take an objective approach to the knowledge, concepts and theories.Such an approach is necessary so that you can Integrate sometimes contrasting ideas from a range of sources and develop your own perspective on an issue or topic in relation to these Pull apart the knowledge in your units and explain how the parts all work together (analysis) Evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, advantages and disadvantages of knowledge, concepts and theories for particular situations (critical approach). This emphasis may differ from how you approached your study in other educational settings. For instance, you may have expected there to be one right answer, or two sides to an issue or topic.In your university studies, you need to understand that there are multiple views surrounding a topic or issue. The suitability of the view that you develop, often by s ynthesising several views, depends on the perspective from which you look at the issue. Such a concept of the relativity of knowledge applies to all the business and economics disciplines. In accounting, for instance, particular accounting situations are interpreted in terms of the Standard Accounting Concepts, and in econometrics and business statistics, a set of data is interpreted in relation to a particular purpose, or the needs of a particular user.Your ability to operate in the way explained above is based on you understanding the nature of academic dubiousness and discovery, as we explain in the next section. 7 2. 2 Academic enquiry, discovery and independence in study Academic enquiry and discovery are concerned with the development or advancement of knowledge in a field of study, which occurs through research and investigation. Students engage in academic enquiry and discovery, to some degree, when they integrate and apply knowledge, concepts and theories to different situ ations.Thus, in university study, there are No absolutes Knowledge evolves as researchers challenge, confirm or modify in the beginning understandings. When investigating an issue for an assignment task that is based on evidence from the literature, you need to overview and integrate the range of views surrounding the issue or topic. When you have formed your response and structured your written work to express this, you must indicate to your reader how you have arrived at that view. That is, the ideas and views that you read in the literature function as the building blocks of your response.In your writing, if you do not explain to your reader the evidence or the building blocks for your view, you are only expressing opinions. These are ideas unsubstantiated by evidence and are not valued in university study. other perspective The manager has a range of roles that are significant in the operations of an organisation, and decision reservation is one of these (Mintzberg, 1979) O ne perspective Decision making is an important aspect but only part of the managers role (Lee, 2000). Decision making in the managers role.Further perspective Decision making is the foundation of a managers role (Brown, 2002) Figure 1 Multiple views of a topic or issue Figure 1 depicts the situation in relation to a topic in a unit that relies on views in the literature. Note how decision-making in the managers role is seen from different perspectives by different authors. In a unit such as econometrics and business statistics, you may be required to analyse a set of data from a perspective of, for instance, a marketing manager, or a city council.Thus, the information in the data that would be relevant for the power would be on aspects such as sales, while for the city council which is concerned with providing services, the emphasis would be on the citys population and its needs. Thus, in units that rely on data such as econometrics and business statistics, you need to analyse the data, form a perspective on the issue from the data analysis, and then select from your data to support the viewpoint you have developed. In a unit such as economics, it means being able to distinguish between facts and value statements.8 2. 3 Approaching study in the faculty disciplines As you continue with your faculty study, you will realise that the approaches to knowledge in the disciplines of the faculty differ in some ways. Understanding such variation will help you adjust your thinking and approach across your units of study. This is particularly applicable if you are a double degree student and studying across two faculties. For instance, when you are studying a first year law unit in your Business and Economics degree, you will be presented with problem question assignments.You approach and think about these, and structure information differently, than you would for essays in a unit such as management, or, for example, reports in a marketing unit. You are using different f orms of data and evidence, and applying critical analysis in ways that are particular to the unit and its discipline. The approach that the disciplines take to knowledge is reflected in the way information is put together in the texts and in lectures. These symbolise the characteristics of the particular discipline. To develop some understanding, you should think about your units in terms of The type of data and info.

The Strategic Management Process Essay Example for Free

The strategicalalalalalalalalal prudence subr revea parameter EssayIntroductionstrategic focus offset foundation be delineate as a managerial cognitive cover that look ats co-ordinated faceal capabilities to market opport construct blockies (Stevens, Sherwood, Dunn, Loudon, 2006, p. 15). The figure out can be either d angiotensin-converting enzyme on a merged level involving whole companies or di mickles or at an individual level involving a individual harvest-home or service. rootage, the comp eithers strategic division analyzes the opportunities in the market and then matches the companys resources to these opportunities. The study stopping points taken by the strategic managers ar whether a company is ready to take reinforcement of the opportunities in the market place, and set a broad invent to come upon it. To run into that the strategic proviso in a company is succeederful, the top perplexity and line managers inquire to be closely obscu re in the process, and not just the strategic intentners who facilitate the process.This paper discusses the strategic formulation process in general as it applies to a company. The versatile elements of the process atomic number 18 analyzed first, in addition to the roles of the various managers in the process in the literature review ingredient. The pr take onical aspect of training, the issues that can arise in various situations atomic number 18 cover next in the epitome.The problems arising from incorrect or incomplete fancyning process ar in any fictional character discussed in this section. The explosive rate of globalization has affected the strategic management process in a big way, and so has the computerization of p bentage due to the advent of Internet. The affects of these dislodges on the strategic management process be discussed in the subsequent section. Finally a summary of the paper is accustomed which gameylights the main points of the watch in vent in the previous sections. strategical Management ProcessStrategy defined by Armstrong (cited in McCourt, Eldridge, 2003, p. 25), is a statement of what the government activity wants to become, where it wants to go and, broadly how it means to get there. Mc Court and Eldridge engage also described strategic management as a simpleton process, and make believe get outn the following designing to put forward the various comp angiotensin converting enzyments associated with it.Fig 1 Strategist Management Process (McCourt, Eldridge, 2003, p. 25)According to the figure maintainn above, the strategic management process begins with a military com flush, which is basically the intention of a companys existence and its purpose in general. Companies normally have a head-defined mission statement to cont quitds this purpose. The next element i.e. objectives define a companys special targets under the orbital cavity of the mission. The objectives ar usually a set of statements t hat define the targets of the company.While mission is generic, objectives are specific and in many cases even quantified. The next element of the strategic management process is dodging, which is the broad plan or approach followed to chance on the objectives. The outline merely defines the role of various departments or level of managers it is not specific and acts merely as a guideline. Finally the implementation can be a tactical plan or exact roles and responsibilities along with set target dates for achieving a particular objective. strategical management process therefore adds strategic cooking and implementation by adding ongoing attention to budgeting, to commitance bar, management and evaluation, and to feedback familys among these elements (Hutzschenreuter, Kleindienst, 2006, p. 678). circuit card and Streib (cited in dickheads, Pierre, 2003, p. 40) present a framework for thinking near strategic management as a process. Their framework in bodilys seven element s values, mission and vision strategic intend results-oriented budgeting executing management strategic measurement assessment of the intimate and external milieu and feedbacks relationships among these elements.The first element in their framework comprises of values, mission and vision which are pick upn as a central organizing force for the strategic management process. The next demonstrate i.e. strategic planning can be used to help the faces get their values, mission and vision and to develop strategic initiatives to realize in practice. Result-oriented budgeting helps to organize the resources needed to fulfill the initiatives. Performance management involves strategies and mechanisms for assigning the responsibility for strategic initiatives to specific units and individuals and holding them accountable for results. strategical measurement involves identification and tracking of valid measures of the organizations attempts as it to achieve its strategic objectives. T he next element as the name suggests analyzes the various pertinent factors in the internal and external purlieu of the organization, and their corresponding effects on the environment. Finally the element of feedback from the client helps in assessing the process of trenchant learning, adaptation and leaders (Peters, Pierre, 2003, p. 40). The strategic management process is a complex one and as suggested by Hutzschenreuter, Kleindienst, (2006, p. 677), it is also shaped by the environmental and organisational context.Business schema evolution was due to a purely practical requirements perspective Post the world war in 1950s, the world for the first time became aware of the origin opportunities that existed by considering rest of the world as markets, rather than production places. This brought well-nigh a very complex chore structure, which became even more complex to manage financially. Thus formal business strategies were first built in 1970s to focus on planned diversific ation of companies. Hence, corporate planning, which was the norm of the business units till then, shifted to business outline (Farjoun, 2001, p. 580).Strategy is essentially a deliberate search for a plan of action which will bring competitive value and compound it. Any company begins do its system by making an analysis of where it is presently, and what resources it has. The next is an analysis of the controversy of the company in present market as well as the market where it wishes to expand. The competition in the new market gives an idea close the present competitive advantages of the company. The new markets are as a result of careful analysis of the places where the company would around increase the scope of its advantage. The theories of building strategy started to emerge soon. However, even in the present day there is no clear cut pathway for the formulation of strategy especially concerning long-term business development, new products, technologies or coronations , because of the ever changing business environment at an ever increasing pace. Theorists have divided strategy itself into three corporate business and functional strategies. Corporate strategy gives the large level decisions which companies need to take such as investment in diversification, vertical desegregation, acquisitions, and new ventures. The allocation of resources to distinguishable business units of the organization and divestments are also covered by this strategy.Business strategy is concerned with how the faithful competes within a particular industry or market. That is to say the decision of how a company should compete in the market is answered by this strategy. Functional strategies are the elaboration and implementation of business strategies through individual functions such as production, RD, marketing, human resources, and finance.When the concept of strategy emerged, it was an implicit understanding that the senior managers of an organization are able to objectively appraise the enterprise and its environment and formulate a strategy that maximizes the companys chances of success in an uncertain future. However, all the theories of strategic management agree on one thing that the formulation and implementation of strategy cannot be separated. A well-formulated strategy must(prenominal) take into account the way it would be implemented and through this implementation the strategy is continuously refined and formulated.Types of planning tortuous in a Strategic Management Process The strategic management process is an amalgamation of different elements. training in any form is one of the most in-chief(postnominal) process elements. preparation involves an assessment of an organizations mission and goals in relation to its external environment and internal capabilities, intercommunicate into the future by several years.Organizations go in for strategic planning when they perceive that they are culture medium to external environ ment, which by nature is volatile (Alkhafaji, 2003, p. 5). Planning focuses on understanding changing stakeholder needs, technical developments, competitive position, and competitor initiatives. Any decisions taken after considering the long term strategic plan are more realistic and goal-oriented. There are different references of planning involved in a strategic management process which will be discussed in this sectionStrategic Planning Strategic planning is the process of growth and analyzing the organizations mission, overall goals, general strategies, and allocating resources. It usually has long-term goal, vision and mission. These are usually lively by top level management of the company. These strategies are usually prepared for a period of 5 or more years. This time frame, however, is arbitrary and is dependent on the long-range planning capabilities of the companys executives, based on its resources.It lays a lot of emphasis on the future implications of a present de cision, and thusly aids in the organizations adaptation in an ever-changing environment. The factors which influence the strategic planning are external environment, market dynamics over a period of time, financial, operational and process constancy of the company. The SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis of the company is hypercritically crucial in the formulation of its strategic plan. After this strategic goals are make to show a path of reaching the vision of the company with its present capabilities (ORegan, Ghobadian, . 2007, p. 12).tactical Planning Tactical planning is the continuous process of interpretation of broad and many a time ambiguous strategic plans, into specific goals and plans that are aimed at a specific division of the organization. Hence, it can be said that tactical planning deals with the implementation part of the planning process. It has a shorter time frame than a strategic plane, usually 1-2 years, and is also narrower in scope. The factors influencing tactical planning are the annual budget, project reviews, case evaluation processes, target turnovers, market dynamics, government policies, consumer needs, available expertise and finally an evaluation of possible substitute solutionsOperational Planning Operational planning is the planning make at the lower levels of the organization. It is used to position specific processes and procedures used in a department. It primarily focuses on the daily routine assesss and is usually made for a short period of time.Operational plan is in the main derived from a tactical plan to achieve one or more operational goals. The factors influencing an operational plan then are the intra-departmental structure of an organization and efficiency of the manager. Another factor is the time-period for which an operational plan is made. Since the operational goal is either a single-time or a repeatable goal, some factors which effect the planning are the policie s, reward system, and even the goal itself or the lack of a specific goal. To take care of such factors, the goal setting and planning should be collaborative (ORegan, Ghobadian, . 2007, p. 15)..Contingency Planning According to Macneil (cited in Mayer and Berkowitz, 2008, p. 151) contingency relationships ensure some within relationship flexibility thus facilitating adjustments when conditions change Regardless of how carefully strategies are formulated, implemented and evaluated, unforeseen events always can make a strategy obsolete. To counter this, organizations should develop contingency plans, as a part of their strategic planning process, in the evaluation pose.Only high-priority planning areas require contingency planning, which should be as simple as possible. The prime factor influencing contingency planning is the degree of volatility of the present environment. That is to say, the frequency and order of magnitude of occurrence of unforeseen events like strikes, boycott s natural disasters, government instability and even at quantify stretch of foreign competitors etc. In case if companys strategic plan is to expand, the above factors turn over to the newer environment in question. Also, the possible affect of the present market environmental fluctuations should be taken into context while making the contingency plan for newer markets (Sadgrove, 2005, p. 258).Strategic PlanningOrganizations involve in the process of strategic planning in order to respond to the challenges and opportunities presented by marketplace. Strategic planning can be defined as a process that describes the direction an organization will pursue within its chosen environment and guides the allocation of resources and efforts (Peter, Donnelly, 2002, pp. 5).Strategic planning ac jockeyledges all the activities that lead to the development of a clear organizational mission, organizational objectives and appropriate strategies to achieve the objectives of the entire organizat ion. In the strategic planning process the organization gathers instruction about the changing elements of its environment. The output of the strategic planning process is the development of a strategic plan. In the discussion that follows, a case study is used as a means for understanding the elements mentioned above (Short, Ketchen, Palmer, Hult, 2007, p. 150)). This would give a practical demonstration of how a company translates these theoretical principles for use in their case.Strategic Planning Process Strategic planning process is concerned with long term broad marketing salmagundi decisions and the implications of these decisions. It is designed to ensure a systematic approach to planning. Hence, the strategic marketing planning process must be consistent with circumstances. The strategic marketing planning process occurs at multiple levels of the organizations and hence the plan represents the implementation of the organizational strategy. This follows the guidelines of the overall strategic planning process. The strategic planning process is considered essential when the progressively hostile and complex environment where companies operate is considered.It is basically a series of logical go that have to be worked in order to arrive at a marketing plan (Gilligan, Wilson, 2003, pp. 44). An extension of strategic planning process is the Strategic marketing planning process, which is concerned with the development of strategies that are based on the planning teams assessment of the market and perceptions of managerial expectations and organizational capability.This process is used by the organization to formulate its strategy provided that it is adapted to the organization and its environment. Strategic marketing planning consists of ten steps Mission, Corporate Objectives, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis, Assumptions, marketing objectives and Strategy, Estimate expected results, Identify alternative plans, Budget and First year detailed implementa tion program (Baker, 2003, pp. 91).Managements function in Strategic PlanningStrategic planning involves an assessment of an organizations mission and goals in relation to its external environment and internal capabilities, projected into the future by several years. Organizations go in for strategic planning when they perceive that they are sensitive to external environment, which by nature is volatile (Alkhafaji, 2003, p. 11). Strategic planning focuses on understanding changing stakeholder needs, technical developments, competitive position, and competitor initiatives. Any decisions taken after considering the long term strategic plan are more realistic and goal-oriented.Organizations should consider strategic planning as an essential management function. Any organization wishing to have long-term growth should infuse a culture of competitive focus end-to-end all the hierarchical levels. Hence, every employee in the company, especially the managers compete, with their companys c ompetitors in their work (ORegan, Ghobadian, . 2007, p. 17)..Roles of various managers in the Strategic Management Process Planning is a basic function of management which determines the objectives and the figure of action required to attain them. Planning is do at every level of management, hence is through with(p) by all managers from the highest to lowest in the management hierarchy.Managers in an organization have a old role in strategy-implementation. Managers use strategic planning as a management function to allot resources to programmed activities, which is calculated to achieve a set of goals in a dynamic and competitive environment. Management changes are even more extensive when the strategies to be implemented move a business firm into a major new direction. Hence, their inputs while the formulation of a strategic plan becomes extremely important (ORegan, Ghobadian, . 2007, p. 18)..Equally important is the involvement of strategists in the strategy-implementation activities. There are four main types of planning corporate, strategic, management and operations, each of which is carried out at different management levels, covers a different time-span and has varying levels of short and long-term impact on the working of the organization (Boone, Kurtz, P. 271). Needless to say, the planning activities of various managers at different levels are different.Senior management usually does the corporate and strategic planning activities. Strategic planning details the goals and objectives of the company while corporate planning decides how the organization would operate to achieve these objectives and goals. The resource allocation for achieving the goals is also done during the corporate and strategic planning stage. Strategic planning is usually long term covering about three to flipper years (Dixon, 2003, p. 29, 30). The plan charts out the path of the organization during the period and the various activities which need to be done for achieving the objectives set. An example of strategic planning is of common Motors and Dells business strategy related to their liberal split given in the book by Muckstadt (2005, p. 2) .In Dells case, there is no need to maintain an exhaustive inventory regarding its old products sales split, while this is an important element of General Motors strategy. Hence, GM as a part of its business strategy maintains a capacious storage space where hundreds of thousands of storage parts are stocked. The location of the storage space must also take into consideration its supply chain partners like either individual car dealers as well as its suppliers, when designing such a strategy.Change is the most certain part in any environment, and business and markets are guided by various factors, which might necessitate a change in strategy. It is the job to the senior managers to ensure that a new strategy ensures sufficient plans for the acceptance of the strategy by people working in the various leve ls of the organizations. An example is given in the book by Murray and Richardson (2002, p.5) about the Canadian industrial supply company Acklands-Grainger which in less than a span of twelve months travel from a 4% growth rate to a 20% growth rate and higher profitability.The authors mention in their book (p. 24), that within 100 days of launch of a new strategic plan for the company several major steps like a new communications initiative to involve more people in the decision making process, were successfully implemented. This ensured that the employees of the company were by and large strike by the strategy and were enthusiastic to take part in the strategy. Many people working in the frontline were however skeptical about the strategic change within the company, as they could see little change in their own work areas. To ensure the front-line people, the Strategy team committed to five deliverables at the end of 200 days of the launch of the new strategy to assure its front-l ine employees that things were really changing.These included specific changes to come apart operations, improvements in logistics and improvement in training. Although the tar of the five tasks was not perfect the outcomes ensured that the employees felt that there was a definite change and had specific development points which they could identify with and discuss. The example above, details how a change in strategy was successfully implemented within a company. It highlights an important point that while a strategy change is being developed by a company, the strategy must be flexible and should include detailed plan for implementation to being about the change from the point of view of the line-employees (Parnell, Lester, 2003, p. 295).Management planning is done by middle level management who divide the task into different smaller units and ensure that proper execution of the task would take place by making a effective integration plan. This planning is of a comparatively short er time span than the strategic planning and usually lasts for a single project or a set of similar projects. They also cover only a overtone division of the organization.Operational planning is done by the line managers and is of a shorter time span than the management planning. It usually refers to the day-to-day planning addressing the specific time-tables, task and measurable targets that managers in each different unit of the project make and maintain to ensure that the task get done in-time. Hence, operational planning deals with evolution and implementing tactics in specific functional areas. The managers allocate time and teams consisting of a specific number of employees to perform a particular task (Dixon, 2003, p. 31).Strategic goals are achieved by setting and achieving tactical objectives. Hence, it is very important that the plans at different levels complement each other. Managers at different levels must have proper and effective communications, such that goals at every level are unders withald as well as the objectives stern these goals. Senior and higher-levels of management must ensure that there information flow s efficient and the line-managers are aware and clear about their roles and responsibilities.The job of the middle managers is to ensure that the objectives are understood by the line managers and proper goals are set to achieve these objectives (Nadkarni, Narayanan, 2007, p. 263). It is often seen that many times the organizations fail to achieve their objectives, despite the fact that the senior management is clear about their vision and strategies and line-management is skilled at their work. The problem in this case lies with the middle management who fail to translate the objectives into tactical goals for the various functional groups (Boone, Kurtz, P. 271). Following figure shows a sample organization chart which gives the level of managers and the strategic business decisions they can take.Fig 2 Strategic decisions take n by various Managers (Grant, 2002, p. 24)Strategic leading and Decision MakingAs an organization prepares itself for future success, by using its strategic planning, no other internal factor is more critical than the strategy formulation and leadership. For a successful strategy formulation and implementation leadership is a requirement factor. The term leadership encompasses visioning, developing, motivating communicating and involving. The book by Scott (2005) defines the terms as explained by Peter Drucker, who gives three essentials of leadership as Defining, communicating, and establishing a sense of mission in a way that is intelligible to others Treating leadership as a responsibility rather than a rank and Earning and maintaining the trust of others (p. 108, 109). The book promote gives that opinion of Drucker on leadership, who says that it should be based on being ethical and consistent in word and deed rather than being clever and deceiving.Strategic leadership is a n ewly developed type of leadership and is needed to initiate and direct the strategic management process. Strategic leadership covers five aspects of leadership technical leadership, human leadership, political leadership, cultural leadership and educational leadership. These aspects contri besidese directly to environmental analysis, planning and structuring, staffing and directing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating the strategic management process. Strategic leadership can be defined as encapsulating entrepreneurial processes (Slater, Olson, Hult, 2006, p. 1225)Strategic leadership is also seen as a concerned with strategy development and change. Essentially strategic leadership refers to the top management team, and strategic theory has evolved from upper echelons theory. Strategic leadership concerns developing the organizations vision, mission, strategies, and culture and monitoring progress and changes in the business environment to ensure that strategies are focused. St rategic leadership concerns monitoring how well organizational culture, including values is supporting the organizations vision and mission (Brower, Fioi, Emrich, 2007, p. 70). It also concerns with the monitoring of human capital and organizational structure and systems.Strategic leaders posses the following capabilities which is the substantial difference between managers and leaders also. These are given as belowVisionary/ Strategic An filch vision of where the firm might want to be in the future is of limited use without its translation into an executable competitive strategy. Hence, strategic leaders must have both the vision and the means to achieve the vision.Systems Thinker Strategic leaders create organizational and operating practices that carefully coordinate the interactions and dependencies between different operating areas. Hence, a characteristic of strategic leader is that they can see the companionships between individual parts of the firm and its competitive s trategy, but do not concern themselves with individual practices or procedures.Effective inducement/Communicator/Teacher Strategic leaders can see the firms strategy and can see the requisites to deliver the strategy, in addition to being equipped to build the hiring, compensation, and coaching systems in lot with the firms competitive strategy.Obsessive Strategic leadership is not a part-time activity and hence strategic leaders need to be obsessed with the execution of the strategy in each act within the firm. Strategic leaders are driven to align all the activities in the firm with the delivery of the value proposition.(Brower, Fioi, Emrich, 2007, p. 69, 70)It is clear from the above dis cartroad that strategic leaders, more than anything else, need to believe in their strategy. For the success of a strategy, strategic leaders should be prepared to endure short-terms costs and dips in performance, to facilitate making investments for future. These tradeoffs are managed with a commitment to the strategy and there is no major change between different high and low periods, since the focus is on the long-term direction. Despite the fact that strategic leadership is generally concerned with the upper echelons of management, the qualities themselves are not limited to the top management group. This fact must be understood by the senior managers of the firm so as to create an environment, to make sure that these qualities are recognized, expressed and nurtured within all the levels of the organization (Hitt, Ireland, Camp, Sexton, 2001, p. 482)Strategic leadership and decision making Management is usually concerned with the following functions in some or the other way Planning, organizing, staffing, and decision making (Parnell, Lester, 2003, p. 298). Decision making is the heart of management. Any function performed by managers at any level of management involves decision making. Managers at all times are faced with a various alternate solutions of a problem , and their task is to choose the most optimum solution from amongst these and implement it. Decision making process consist of identifying the problem, analyzing the problem, developing alternate solutions, comparing alternate solutions, choosing the best solution and implementing and finally verifying the solution.During the decision making process is where a manager continuously tries to achieve a state of stability by implementing a course of action, while all the time dealing with the possible consequences of his actions. A pigment competency in strategic leadership is decision making about whether and when to act (Elbanna, Child, 2007, p. 435) Consistency of decision making in accord with the firms value proposition is important for a strategic leader.It allows the members of the organization to see the connection between their daily responsibility and the delivery of the firms strategy. Strategic leadership hence involves building a coherent set of original beliefs and pract ices that are aligned with the requirements of the sellers value proposition. exclusively have responsibilities for their own beliefs and for the performance of their coworkers, and hence strategic leadership is needed for all the levels of the firm.Effects of business environmental changes on strategy Theorists and business strategists consider the most important recent trends in the macro environment as the forces the new economy. The new stinting era started at the advent of the 21st century, but the factors which led to the change had already been felt and observed at least two decades back.The new information and communication technologies restructured the global markets, and whole industry sectors, by challenging the conventional economic thinking and hence redefining how business is done. The New Economy is almost a revolution in the way business works, economic wealth is generated, so cities are organized and individual exist within them (Grant2003, p. 504). The figure bel ow shows the key features of new economic environment that impact on business strategy, as compared to the key features of old economic environment.Old EconomyNew Economy light upon industriesOil, Mining, Steel, Vehicles, Railways, ShippingComputers and Software, bio technology, personal and financial services, EntertainmentKey ResourcesEnergy, Labor discipline Kat onceledge and TalentTechnologyPower Trains, Machine ToolsInformation Technology carrefour Life CyclesMeasured in decadesMeasured in Years or monthsTrade PatternsInternational orbicularWorking Day8 hours24 HoursCommunication MediaLetters, Telephone, FaxMobile devices, E-mail, Internet and IntranetOrganization Structures centralized Hierarchical, FunctionalDevolved, Flat, FunctionalWorkforce CharacteristicsMainly male semi-skilled or skilledNo gender bias, high proportion of graduatesFig -3 Key features of old and new business environments (Sadler, Ryall, Craig, 2003, p. 29)Key elements that have effected the environment to bring these changes areGlobalization The globalization as we know it has happened in two stages. The first stage was post world war, when other countries came to be seen as new markets rather than colonial acquisitions. This brought about a change in the business organization. The second phase was in the late 1980s, when the internet emerged to be a n option where people could display their wares or even sell them, for instance in case of paid music downloads. Presently globalization is not only an advantage it has become a must for any company wishing to enter the business domain (Pitt, 2005, p. 316).Small-World with reduced distances The world as we know it is getting smaller everyday with the emergence of new technologies in wireless communication. pot can now communicate visually and effectively with anyone across anywhere in the world at the same time. This has brought about a lot of new requirements which were heretofore quite unknownKnowledge Economy A bye-product of the shrink world is the awareness people have about other cultures and economic conditions in various parts of the world. The awareness of the new technologies is also increasing among people at a rapid pace, and is no semipermanent confined within a select few number of people.Impact of new technology People in the present day world are so used to rapid changes in technology that they almost expect smarter, cheaper and better performance devices almost every day. Hence, the importance of RD among the various industries has increased and is no longer an option but a necessity.(Pitt, McAulay, Sims, 2002, p. 159, 160)In the light of these discontinuous, large-scale changes facing the world, organizations might be required to undergo major, strategic reorientations. These reorientations may involve changes in products, services, markets, organizational structure and human resources. A change can be viewed either a technical problem, political problem, or a cultural problem.However, stra tegic change views the problem as a varied amalgamation of all the three problems. Strategic change refers to the non-routine, non-incremental, and discontinuous change that alters the overall orientation of the organization, and/or the components of the organization. (Hkonsson, Obei, Burton, 2008, p. 65) However, the exact boundary between a strategic and a non-strategic change is blurred. Sometimes it depends on the magnitude of change and at other times the time frame of the impact of the change is in question.ConclusionThe paper gave a general hold forth on strategic management processes. The process consists of various elements, and each of which is equally important to the process. The planning stage is the most critical out of these processes, which was described in the next section along with different types of planning. The nature of strategic planning was discussed in detail which also covered the strategic planning process. The subsequent section discoursed upon the role of various strategic managers on strategy building. After this the discussion shifted to strategic leadership and the situation of decision making.Finally the effects of business environmental changes on strategy making was discussed, which gave the critical factors involved in strategic decision making in the present day world. A comparison of this was done with the economy just a decade or two past, and can be seen that there are few if any common factors between the two economies. Hence, the strategy making process has undergone a capacious change in the recent times. Till then the strategy formulation process was an evolutionary one, with one element being added over another. But the present day world calls for revolutionary strategies since the success factors too have undergone changes.The paper hence gives an idea about the direction companies of the present day world need to take in order to be successful. While the topics covered are generic, and do not give a situation- level analysis for the choice of a strategy, there is enough information here to help strategic theorists understand the dynamics of the business environment and act accordingly. ReferencesJournal ArticlesBrower HH, Fioi CM, Emrich CC, (2007), The language of Leaders, Journal ofLeadership Studies, Pages 67-80, Wiley Periodicals Inc, 20th November 2007, mint 1, Issue 3, inside 10.1002/jls.20026Elbanna S, Child J, (2007), Influence of Strategic Decision Effectiveness maturation and Test of an Integrative Model, Strategic Management Journal, Strat. Mgmt. 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