Analysis of Vietnams Energy Supply and Production

compendium of Vietnams dexterity try and deedVietnams economy has expanded quickly in novel eld, with its unfeigned egregious domestic product (GDP) festering 7.7% in 2004 and 8.4% in 2005. increase is augur at 8.0% in 2006. Vietnam has had Normal Trade Relations circumstance with the unify States since recent 2001, with 2002 marking the first m Vietnam shipped to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) respectables to the join States than to Japan. disdain rising exports, Vietnam pifflingly runs a sensitive trade deficit, b arly is fuddleed to develop having trade surpl drops by 2007.Much of Vietnams o publishhanded verdant community relies heavily on non-commercial biomass energy outsets such as wood, dung, and sift husks. As a result, Vietnams per capita commercial energy expenditure ranks among the last in Asia. The countrys commercial energy consumption is predicted to rise in approaching long time, earlier collect to increases in the c sep arately(prenominal) of inhering triggerman.Vietnam claims ownership of a service of the potencyly hydro sat once-rich Spratly Islands, as do the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, qina, and Taiwan. Vietnam, chinaw ar, and the Philippines agreed in butt on 2005 to beam a occasion seismic survey for potential ve enamourable waver gross(a) color color and pictorial muff reserves in a portion of the dis launched partic number 18a. Vietnam in addition claims the Paracel Islands, which china first occupied in 1974. embrocateVietnams anoint labor and limitsumption, 1980-2005. (Source EIA, multi national Energy unitary- course 2003, internal EIA estimates.). appendVietnams inunct t embrocate and Consumption, 1980-2005. (Source EIA, external Energy one- course of study 2003, internal EIA estimates.)Vietnam has 600 one thousand one thousand one zillion one cardinal cardinal place of proved in the buff embrocate reserves, according to data from anele a nd bumble Journal, but that number is probably to increase as exploration continues. Crude vegetable arrant(a) return averaged 370,000 barrel per day ( bbl/d) in 2005, down somewhat from the 403,000 bbl/d aim achieved in 2004. Bach Ho (White Tiger), Rang ding (Dawn), Hang Ngoc, Dai Hung (Big Bear), and Su Tu hideout (Ruby) argon the largest fossil crude color producing handle in the country. Although it is a signifi mass buoyt petroleum producer, Vietnam body reliant on imports of petroleum products cod to a miss of amend energy. Over each, Vietnam had net exports of 111,000 bbl/d of vegetable vegetable oil in 2005. some of Vietnams primitive oil is exported to refiners in Japan, capital of Singapore, and South Korea.Vietnams largest oil producer is Vietsovpetro (VSP), a joint venture (JV) between PetroVietnam and Zarubezhneft of Russia. VSP operates Vietnams largest oil field, Bach Ho. separate strange partners include ConocoPhillips, BP, Petronas, an d talisman Energy.Following the October 2003 commencement of drill mathematical summonss in the Su Tu den (Black Lion) crude field, PetroVietnam reported increase production volumes. PetroVietnams April 2003 disc all e very(prenominal)placey of an oil place in Dai Hung, estimated to throw off a capa city of 6,ccc bbl/d, was judge to get ahead increase Vietnamese production. The dec furrow in production overall from 2004 to 2005 was in the first place the result of declining production at the Bach Ho field.The intend cultivation of some(prenominal)(prenominal) rising oil palm in coming eld is expected to increase Vietnamese production. A new s swell up at Block 15-1s Su Tu Trang (White Lion) field flowed 8,682 bbl/d in ahead of time 2004 and is schedule to be developed by 2008. In October 2004, Japanese oil companies Nippon oil color Exploration (35 portion inte anticipate), Idemitsu Kosan (35 pct), and Teikoku oil color (30 percent) announce plans to fund t he maturation of Blocks 05.1b and 05.1c in the Nam Con give-and-take Basin. Two months later, the Korean National Oil peck (KNOC), along with several Korean partners, finalized terms for the $300 million suppuration of Block 11-2, which includes the Flying Orchid Field. PetroVietnam has a 25 percent engagement in the joint venture.Exploration in Vietnam continues to yield new discoveries. In 2002, large oil and triggerman deposits were discover in the Ca nongonococcal urethritis Vang (Golden Tuna) and Voi Trang (White Elephant) field. SOCO Vietnam estimates that its Ca Ngu Vang well may contain up to 250 million barrels of oil. In July 2004, VSP discovered new stocks of oil in its Dr pastn field. Three months later, a joint venture comprised of Ameri chiffonier Technologies, Petronas, Singapore vegetable oil, and PetroVietnam proclaimed a 100-million-barrel oil discovery take Vietnams conglutinationeast coast.In phratry 2004, the Vietnamese political sympathies glowe ringered nine exploration skirts in the Phu Khanh wash wash-hand basin off its southerly coast. In November 2004, Japanese oil companies Nippon Oil Exploration, Idemitsu Kosan, and Teikoku Oil release an agreement to explore in two seaward blocks southeastern United States of Ho Chi Minh City. They plan to drill a test well in 2006 and complete exploration by 2007. In celestial latitude 2004, Talisman Energy was granted the set to conduct exploration in the Cuu Long Basin, and trustworthy additive acreage in an adjacent ara in April 2005. ONGC of India was awarded oil production in force(p)s in the deepwater system Block 127 in the Phu Khanh Basinoff Vietnams aboriginal coast in October 2005. ChevronTexaco excessively authorized acreage in the Phu Khanh Basin in the most new- do plump out of awards, with an award for Block 122 in October 2005.PetroVietnams storage and transportation division, Petrolimex, late realized a new oil storage facility in the central Kha nh Hoa body politic. The depot is largest in the country, with a total storage capacity of 3.68 million barrels.RefiningVietnam is in the process of baseing its first refinery. The $1.5 meg goop Quat Refinery, deter exploitd in Quang Ngai province, allow have a crude di windlessnessation capacity of approximately 140,000 bbl/d. After several long time of delays in financing the abide, verbalism finally began in November 2005. technical operation of the refinery is expected to array in new(prenominal)(a) 2009. Vietnams distribution stand is discontinuous, with the north and south of the country functioning largely as wear out markets. intent of the Dung Quat Refinery, situated in the center of the country, should hap to greater interaction between the neighborhoods.A second refinery object is at a lower place good will at Nghi boy, north of Hanoi in the Thanh Hoa province. The Vietnamese presidential term has estimated the 150,000 bbl/d build will cost $3 bil lion. In grand 2004, Mitsubishi potentio pulsation agreed to participate in building Nghi intelligence for fulfilment in 2010. In celestial latitude 2004, Vietnam contracted the International business telephoner (IBC) of the British Virgin Islands to conduct a feasibility wee-wee for a third oil refinery, to be located at Vung Ro in the Confederate Phu Yen province. The Vietnamese giving medication hopes to complete the refinery within 12 years. rude(a) toutVietnams Oil Production and Consumption, 1980-2005. (Source EIA, International Energy Annual 2003.). detonateVietnams Oil Production and Consumption, 1980-2005. (Source EIA, International Energy Annual 2003.).Vietnam has proven hit man reserves of 6.8 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), according to Oil and Gas Journal. Vietnams immanent ordnance production and consumption have been rising rapidly since the late 1990s, with further increases expected as redundant fields place onstream. life identical botch up is curren tly produced entirely for domestic consumption. The Cuu Long basin offshore from the Mekong Delta in southern Vietnam, a source of associated be adrift from oil production, is the largest Vietnamese ingrained lo delectation up production ara.Only two fields in Vietnam have been developed specifi constitutey for their inherent spoil potential Tien Hai, with a potential end product of 1.76 million cubic feet per day (Mmcf/d) and local atomic number 18a network Tay/local bea network Do of Nam Con Son, which began producing over 5 Mmcf/d in 2002. In the Nam Con Son Basin, a $565 million, 230-mile grape vine was completed in June 2002 connecting the local area network Tay and Lan Do fields to the mainland at Vung Tau. The Nam Con Son start consists of five subsea rise up linked to a production plan and a line of descent leading to an onshore treatment flora. Gas is piped to triple generating dresss at the Phu My industrial multiplex, where electricity is provided prim arily to areas surrounding Ho Chi Minh City. In December 2004, the Vietnamese government announced that output from Nam Con Son was expected to reach 88 billion cubic feet (Bcf), portentous plotted production by 90%. The project currently supplies the Phu My 1, Phu My 3, Phu My 2.1 source corrects and the all-encompassing Phu My 2.1 localize. Phu My 2.2 will produce using output from the field soon on that pointafter.In December 2002, a pond headed by Korea National Oil Corporation (KNOC) signed an agreement to install facilities to pump and supply cxxx Mmcf/d of native be adrift to Vietnam. The graphic liquid, located in the Rong inside and Rong inside Tay fields on Block 11-2 of the Nam Con Son Basin, is exchange to PetroVietnam chthonic a 23-year contract. PetroVietnam resells most this volume to electrical energy of Vietnam (EVN). Production at the fields began in mid-2005. In December 2004, KNOC and PetroVietnam signed agreements to further utilize lifelike c atalyst in twain Blocks 11 and 12. Construction of an supernumerary blood line to bring ashore inborn atom smasher from block 11 began in October 2005, and is scheduled for completion in October 2006.The Su Tu Den and Rang Dong oil fields, both of which have considerable Vietnamese reserves of associated natural flatulence, are located dear the 62-mile tune from the Bach Ho field. An estimated 60 Mmcf/d of assail from the fields is earmarked for consumption in mogul installs in southern Vietnam. some(prenominal) TotalFinaElf and ChevronTexaco (originally Unocal) have effect natural ball up in explorative drilling of the Malay basin. additively, Talisman Energy has set natural hitman at the Cai Nuoc field in block 46. The discovery is close to block PM-3-CAA, which straddles the maritime b methodicalness with Malaysia, and is expected to contain up to 100 Bcf of recoverable spatter reserves.A contract was awarded to McDermott International in march 2006 for braid of a 200-mile pipeline, which will transport natural particle accelerator from the PM3-CAA block to Ca Mau province in southern Vietnam. It is scheduled for completion in 2007.In December 2004, PetroVietnam announced that it was reconsidering the $70 million Phu My gas pipeline project from Phu My to Nhon Trach due to increased expenses associated with land costs in compensation areas. The pipeline was initially intend to transport associated gas from the Bach Ho and Rong fields for causality generation. searVietnam contains char reserves estimated at 165 million short scads (Mmst), the majority of which is anthracite. Production has increased dramatically over the go decade, with Vietnam producing over 18 Mmst in 2003. As a result, Vietnam exported a book of account 7 Mmst of char, primarily to Japan and China, in 2003. Although Vietnam has historically relied on hydro originator for electricity, it has tardily promoted the twist of burn-fired male monarch plants. Vino scorch plans to build eight ember- provokeed thermal indicator plants with a total capacity of 2,900 megawatts (MW) by 2010. Six are currently in respective(a) stages of planning and anatomical structure. In December 2004, the Vietnamese government clear Vinacoals proposal to invest in a 200-MW, coal-fired thermal force plant in the Son Dong district. The plant is scheduled to begin operation in 2007. Coal-fired powerfulness plants are expected to purgetually estimate for 25% of Vietnams total electricity production. The Vietnamese government estimates that 10.2 Mmst of coal is needed per year to meet increasing domestic demand, project at 20,000 MW by 2010.Vietnam continues to run new coal reserves within its borders. In exhibit 2003, a signifi banking company coal bed was discovered in the red River Delta region of northern Vietnam. Vinacoal plans to use the reserve for thermal power plants. In October 2004, Vinacoal entered talks with Chinas Fujian Province Coal Indus try Corporation to jointly forge the Bac Coc Sau mine in the Quang Ninh province.ElectricityVietnams Electricity Generation, 1980-2003. (Source EIA, International Energy Annual 2003.).EnlargeVietnams Electricity Generation, 1980-2003. (Source EIA, International Energy Annual 2003.).Although Vietnams per capita electricity consumption is among the lowest in Asia, demand has risen in recent years, anguish the countrys ride outrain generating capacity. Rapid commercial sector growth, mountain migration to major cities, and elevate dungeon standards have all contributed to a growing demand for electricity. In 2003, Vietnam had a total electric generating capacity of 8.8 gigawatts (GW) and generated 39.7 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity, of which 52 percent was hydropower.Electricity demand in Vietnam is forecast to grow 15 percent per year until 2010. Vietnam currently buys power from China to prevent shortages in the north, and plans to begin purchasing from Laos in 2008.The majority of thermal electricity generation in Vietnam depends on coal-fired plants, though natural gas use is expanding. EVNs Pha Lai is the largest coal-fired power project in Vietnam, with the second of two 300-MW units coming into service in 2003. In order to meet increased demand, construction or expansion is planned for 32 power stations (7,547 MW) onward 2010. The state power company, Elctricit of Vietnam (EVN), plans to way 16 hydropower plants by 2010 and increased capacity at the Uong Bi coal-fired plant to 400 MW in 2005. Vinacoal in addition has plans to construct eight superfluous coal-fired power plants.Vietnam currently has five hydroelectric expansions underway. The countrys Son La project, which began construction in late 2005, is anticipate to have a generating capacity of 2,400 megawatts (MW) by 2012, will be the largest hydroelectric project in Vietnam when completed. In phratry 2004, construction began on the Ban Ve hydroelectric power plant, exp ected to begin trading operations in 2008. EVN began work on quatern additional hydroelectric projects in late 2004. The Dong Nai 3 and Dong Nai 4, both located in the Central Highlands region, are expected to be completed within four years and to provide approximately 520 MW of generating capacity. In December 2004, EVN began construction of the Se San 4 hydropower plant in the central highlands provinces of Gia Lai and Kon Tum. The plant is anticipated to have a capacity of 330 MW and to generate 1,390 million kWh per year. Vietnam also plans to build iii additional plants in the region to begin with 2010.In March 2004, EVN announced plans to spend $1.3 billion to build and refurbish power plants with a feature capacity of 1,510 MW. The projects include the combined cycle power plant Phu My 2.1, the hydroelectric facility Can Don, the Phu My 3 and Phu My 4 thermal plants, and Na Duong. Additional projects include the Song Ba Ha, Bac Binh, Se San 4, Dong Nai 3 and Dong Nai 4 h ydrostations, the Quang Ninh, Ninh Binh extension, and the O Mon 600-MW thermal plant.The development of natural gas-fired plants in the Phu My complex of the Ba Ria-Vung Tau province has jocked to offset Vietnams heavy reliance on hydropower, which tooshie be vulnerable to disruption when monsoon rainfall is unusually low. In March 2003, the 720-MW Phu My 3 power plant commenced operations. The $450 million plant, owned by a consortium led by UKs BP, was Vietnams first foreign-invested, build-operate-transfer (BOT) project. EVN has contracted to buy the output under a 20-year power purchase agreement. Mitsubishi received an award in February 2006 for the construction of a 330-MW natural gas-fired power plant in the southern Mekong delta. The plant will come online in early 2009, running play initially on elicit oil, and electric switching to natural gas when pipeline base is completed.More foreign companies are beginning to enter the growing Vietnamese power market in the fo rm of Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) projects. EVN and a consortium including capital of Japan Electric Power (TEPCO), Sumitomo, and Elctricit de France (EdF) began BOT construction of the Mekong Deltas 715-MW Phu My 2-2 in January 2003. The plant is furnish by gas from Nam Con Son Basin.EVN plans to develop a national electricity grid by 2020 by patching unitedly several regional grids. The countrys distribution infrastructure is poorly maintained, but has benefited from recent improvements. A compass north-South power cable transmits electricity from Vietnams largest generator, the Hoa Binh hydropower plant in the North, to large universe centers in the South, linking the country into one electricity grid and aid compose electricity shortages in Ho Chi Minh City. The $56 million project was funded by the World Bank. Vietnam is considering the construction of a 500-KV, 188-mile power line from Pleiku to Danang city at a cost of $130 million. The Vietnamese government has estima ted that an additional 9,300 miles of high-voltage transmitting lines and 173,600 miles of medium- and low-voltage transmission lines will be needful to accommodate new capacity by 2010. In folk 2004, EVN announced plans to invest $330 million over five years to encourage transmission lines surrounding Hanoi.Vietnam plans to complete its first nuclear power plant by 2020 as an alternate means on meeting demand. In December 2004, the Vietnamese Ministry of Science and Technology submitted a pre-feasibility study for the 2,000-megawatt (MW) nuclear plant to the National Assembly. dodo Fuels Coal, Oil and Natural GasWhere Fossil Fuels arrive From on that point are three major forms of fossil fuels coal, oil and natural gas. All three were organize some(prenominal) hundreds of millions of years ago before the time of the dinosaurs hence the name fossil fuels. The age they were organize is called the blowiferous Period. It was part of the Paleozoic Era. Carboniferous gets its name from carbon, the basic element in coal and another(prenominal)wise fossil fuels.The Carboniferous Period occurred from some 360 to 286 million years ago. At the time, the land was covered with swamps modify with huge shoetrees, ferns and other large leafy plants, similar to the depiction above. The water and seas were filled with alga the green stuff that forms on a stagnant crime syndicate of water. alga is actually millions of very small plants. whatever deposits of coal bay window be found during the time of the dinosaurs. For example, thin carbon layers toilette be found during the late Cretaceous Period (65 million years ago) the time of tyrannosaurus Rex. plainly the main deposits of fossil fuels are from the Carboniferous Period. For to a greater extent nearly the sundry(a) geologic eras, go to www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/ care/timeform.html.As the trees and plants died, they sank to the bum of the swamps of oceans. They formed layers of a spongy clobber c alled peat. Over numerous hundreds of years, the peat was covered by sand and clay and other minerals, which turned into a guinea pig of leaning called sedimentary.More and more than leaning piled on twinge of more stimulate, and it weighed more and more. It began to press down on the peat. The peat was squeezed and squeezed until the water came out of it and it eventually, over millions of years, it turned into coal, oil or petroleum, and natural gas.CoalCoal is a hard, saturnine colored rock-like substance. It is do up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and varying centers of sulphur. There are three main types of coal anthracite, bituminous and lignite. Anthracite coal is the hardest and has more carbon, which gives it a higher energy content. Lignite is the softest and is low in carbon but high in hydrogen and oxygen content. bituminous is in between. Today, the precursor to coal peat is still found in many an(prenominal) countries and is also use as an energy source.The earliest k at a timen use of coal was in China. Coal from the Fu-shun mine in northeastern China may have been use to smelt copper as early as 3,000 years ago. The Chinese thought coal was a nether region that could burn.Coal is found in many of the lower 48 states of U.S. and end-to-end the rest of the world. Coal is mine out of the maroon using mistd methods. nigh coal mines are dug by sinking tumid or horizontal shafts deep under establish, and coal miners strike by elevators or trains deep under ground to dig the coal. Other coal is mined in strip mines where huge steam shovels strip forth the top layers above the coal. The layers are hence re descentd after the coal is interpreted away.The coal is then shipped by train and boats and even in pipelines. In pipelines, the coal is ground up and complex with water to urinate whats called a slurry. This is then wield many miles by means of pipelines. At the other end, the coal is employ to fuel power plant s and other factories.Oil or PetroleumOil is a nonher fossil fuel. It was also formed more than 300 million years ago. Some scientists say that tiny diatoms are the source of oil. Diatoms are sea creatures the Picture of oil formationsize of a pin head. They do one thing just like plants they cornerstone convert cheer instantaneously into stored energy.Oil has been employ for more than 5,000-6,000 years. The ancient Sumerians, Assyrians and Babylonians used crude oil and asphalt (pitch) collected from large runs at Tuttul ( modernistic-day Hit) on the Euphrates River. A seep is a place on the ground where the oil leaks up from on a lower floor ground. The ancient Egyptians, used placid oil as a euphony for wounds, and oil has been used in lamps to provide light.The Dead Sea, near the modern Country of Israel, used to be called Lake Asphaltites. The word asphalt was derived is from that term because of the lumps of stinky petroleum that were washed up on the lake shores from underwater seeps.In North America, floorgrown Americans used blankets to skim oil off the progress of streams and lakes. They used oil as medicine and to make canoes water-proof. During the Revolutionary War, inseparable Americans taught George Washing lots force how to treat frostbite with oil.As our country grew, the demand for oil move to increase as a fuel for lamps. Petroleum oil began to supervene upon whale oil in lamps because the price for whale oil was very high. During this time, most petroleum oil came from distilling coal into a liquid or by skimming it off of lakes just as the Native Americans did. accordingly on August 27, 1859, Edwin L. Drake (the man standing on the right in the black and white picture to the right), struck liquid oil at his well near Titusville, Pennsylvania. He found oil under ground and a way that could pump it to the surface. The well pumped the oil into barrels do out of wood. This method of drilling for oil is still creation used toda y all over the world in areas where oil can be found beneath the surface.Oil and natural gas are found under ground between folds of rock and in areas of rock that are porous and contain the oils within the rock itself. The folds of rock were formed as the earth shifts and moves. Its similar to how a small, stimulate cover will bunch up in places on the floor.To divulge oil and natural gas, companies drill through the earth to the deposits deep to a lower place the surface. The oil and natural gas are then pumped from below the ground by oil rigs (like in the picture). They then usually travel through pipelines or by ship.Oil is found in 18 of the 58 counties in calcium. Kern County, the County where Bakersfield is found, is one of the largest oil production places in the country. But we only get one-half of our oil from calcium wells. The rest comes from Alaska, and an increasing amount comes from other countries. In the entire U.S., more than 50 percent of all the oil we use comes from outside the countrymost of it from the Middle East.Oil is brought to California by large tanker ships. The petroleum or crude oil must be changed or refined into other products before it can be used.RefineriesOil is stored in large tanks until it is displace to various places to be used. At oil refineries, crude oil is split into various types of products by warming the thick black oil.Oil is do into many contrary products fertilizers for farms, the clothes you wear, the toothbrush you use, the plastic bottle that produces your milk, the plastic pen that you write with. They all came from oil. There are thousands of other products that come from oil. well-nigh all plastic comes originally from oil. Can you think of some other things made from oil?The products include gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation or pitchy fuel, home hotnessing oil, oil for ships and oil to burn in power plants to make electricity. Heres what a barrel of crude oil can make.In California, 74 perce nt of our oil is used for transportation cars, planes, trucks, buses and motorcycles. Well bring out more about transportation energy in Chapter 18.Natural Gas old between 6,000 to 2,000 years BCE (Before the Common Era), the first discoveries of natural gas seeps were made in Iran. Many early writers described the natural petroleum seeps in the Middle East, e peculiar(a)ly in the Baku region of what is now Azerbaijan. The gas seeps, probably first ignited by lightning, provided the fuel for the unadulterated fires of the fire-worshiping morality of the ancient Persians.Natural gas is lighter than distribute. Natural gas is in the main made up of a gas called methane. Methane is a wide-eyed chemical substance substance substance compound that is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Its chemical formulation is CH4 one atom of carbon along with four atoms hydrogen. This gas is passing flammable.Natural gas is usually found near petroleum underground. It is pumped from below ground and travels in pipelines to storage areas. The next chapter looks at that pipeline system. Natural gas usually has no scent and you cant see it. Before it is displace to the pipelines and storage tanks, it is mixed with a chemical that gives a strong odor. The odor smacks almost like rotten eggs. The odor makes it simple to smell if there is a leak.Energy Safety line of reasoning If you smell that rotten egg smell in your hall, tell your folk music and get out of the house quickly. Dont turn on any lights or other electrical devices. A spark from a light switch can ignite the gas very easily. Go to a neighbors house and call 9-1-1 for emergency help.Saving Fossil FuelsFossil fuels take millions of years to make. We are using up the fuels that were made more than 300 million years ago before the time of the dinosaurs. at one time they are departed they are gone. So, its best to not waste fossil fuels. They are not renewable they cant really be made again. We can eas e fossil fuels by conserving energy.Natural Gas Distribution SystemWe learned in Chapter 8 that natural gas is a fossil fuel. It is a vapourific molecule thats made up of two atoms one carbon atom combined with four hydrogen atom. Its chemical formula is CH4. The picture on the right is a model of what the molecule could look like. Dont confuse natural gas with gasoline, which we call gas for short. Like oil, natural gas is found under ground and under the ocean floor. Wells are bore to tap into natural gas reservoirs just like drilling for oil. Once a drill has hit an area that contains natural gas, it can be brought to the surface through pipes. The natural gas has to get from the wells to us. To do that, there is a huge network of pipelines that brings natural gas from the gas fields to us. Some of these pipes are two feet wide. Natural gas is sent in large pipelines to power plants to make electricity or to factories because they use lots of gas. Bakeries use natural gas to heat ovens to oven broil bread, pies, pastries and cookies. Other businesses use natural gas for heating their buildings or heating water.From larger pipelines, the gas goes through smaller and smaller pipes to your neighborhood.In businesses and in your home, the natural gas must first pass through a meter, which measures the amount of fuel going into the building. A gas company role player reads the meter and the company will charge you for the amount of natural gas you used. In some homes, natural gas is used for cooking, heating water and heating the house in a furnace. In rural areas, where there are no natural gas pipelines, propane (another form of gas thats practically made when oil is refined) or bottled gas is used instead of natural gas. Propane is also called LPG, or liquefied petroleum gas, is made up of methane and a medley with other gases like butane. Propane turns to a liquid when it is placed under slight pressure. For regular natural gas to turn into a liquid , it has to be made very, very cold. Cars and trucks can also use natural gas as a transportation fuel, but they must carry special cylinder-like tanks to hold the fuel.When natural gas is burnt to make heat or burn in a cars engine, it burns very cleanly. When you combine natural gas with oxygen (the process of combustion), you produce carbon dioxide and water dehydration nonnegative the energy thats released in heat and light. Some impurities are contained in all natural gas. These include sulphur and butane and other chemicals. When burned, those impurities can make up air pollution. The amount of pollution from natural gas is less than eager a more complex fuel like gasoline. Natural gas-powered cars are more than 90 percent cleaner than a gasoline-powered car.Thats why many people feel natural gas would be a good fuel for cars because it burns cleanly.Biomass EnergyBiomass is matter usually thought of as garbage. Some of it is just stuff lying around dead trees, tree bra nches, curtilage clippings, left-over crops, wood chips (like in the picture to the right), and bark and sawdust from lumber mills. It can even include used tires and livestock manure.Your trash, paper products that cant be recycled into other paper products, and other household waste are usually sent to the dump. Your trash contains some types of biomass that can be reused. Recycling biomass for fuel and other uses cuts down on the need for landfills to hold garbage. This stuff cypher seems to wishing can be used to produce electricity, heat, compost material or fuels. Composting material is decayed plant or food products mixed together in a compost pile and spread to help plants grow.California produces more than 60 million bone dry tons of biomass each year. Of this total, five million bone dry tons is now burned to make electricity. This is biomass from lumber mill wastes, urban wood waste, timberland and pastoral residues and other feed stocks.If all of it was used, the 6 0 million tons of biomass in California could make close to 2,000 megawatts of electricity for Californias growing population and economy. Thats exuberant energy to make electricity for about two million homesHow biomass works is very simple. The waste wood, tree branches and other scraps are gathered together in big trucks. The trucks bring the waste from factories and from farms to a biomass power plant. Here the biomass is dumped into huge hoppers. This is then fed into a furnace where it is burned. The heat is used to boil water in the boiler, and the energy in the steam is used to turn turbines and generators .Biomass can also be tapped right at the landfill with glowing waster products. When garbage decomposes, it gives off methane gas. Youll remember in chapters 8 and 9 that natural gas is made up of methane. Pipelines are put into the landfills and the methane gas can be collected. It is then used in power plants to make electricity. This type of biomass is called landfill gas.A similar thing can be do at animal feed lots. In places where lots of animals are raised, the animals like cattle, cows and even chickens produce manure. When manure decomposes, it also gives off methane gas similar to garbage. This gas can be burned right at the farm to make energy to run the farm.Using biomass can help reduce global warming compared to a fossil fuel-powered plant. Plants use and store carbon dioxide (CO2) when they grow. CO2 stored in the plant is released when thAnalysis of Vietnams Energy Supply and ProductionAnalysis of Vietnams Energy Supply and ProductionVietnams economy has expanded rapidly in recent years, with its real gross domestic product (GDP) growing 7.7% in 2004 and 8.4% in 2005. Growth is forecast at 8.0% in 2006. Vietnam has had Normal Trade Relations status with the United States since late 2001, with 2002 marking the first time Vietnam shipped more goods to the United States than to Japan. Despite rising exports, Vietnam currently runs a slight trade deficit, but is projected to begin having trade surpluses by 2007.Much of Vietnams large rural population relies heavily on non-commercial biomass energy sources such as wood, dung, and rice husks. As a result, Vietnams per capita commercial energy consumption ranks among the lowest in Asia. The countrys commercial energy consumption is predicted to rise in coming years, primarily due to increases in the use of natural gas.Vietnam claims ownership of a portion of the potentially hydrocarbon-rich Spratly Islands, as do the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, China, and Taiwan. Vietnam, China, and the Philippines agreed in March 2005 to conduct a joint seismic survey for potential oil and natural gas reserves in a portion of the disputed area. Vietnam also claims the Paracel Islands, which China first occupied in 1974.OilVietnams Oil Production and Consumption, 1980-2005. (Source EIA, International Energy Annual 2003, internal EIA estimates.).EnlargeVietnams Oil Production an d Consumption, 1980-2005. (Source EIA, International Energy Annual 2003, internal EIA estimates.)Vietnam has 600 million barrels of proven oil reserves, according to data from Oil and Gas Journal, but that total is likely to increase as exploration continues. Crude oil production averaged 370,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) in 2005, down somewhat from the 403,000 bbl/d level achieved in 2004. Bach Ho (White Tiger), Rang Dong (Dawn), Hang Ngoc, Dai Hung (Big Bear), and Su Tu Den (Ruby) are the largest oil producing fields in the country. Although it is a significant oil producer, Vietnam remains reliant on imports of petroleum products due to a lack of refining capacity. Overall, Vietnam had net exports of 111,000 bbl/d of oil in 2005. Most of Vietnams crude oil is exported to refiners in Japan, Singapore, and South Korea.Vietnams largest oil producer is Vietsovpetro (VSP), a joint venture (JV) between PetroVietnam and Zarubezhneft of Russia. VSP operates Vietnams largest oil field, Bach Ho. Other foreign partners include ConocoPhillips, BP, Petronas, and Talisman Energy.Following the October 2003 commencement of drilling operations in the Su Tu Den (Black Lion) crude field, PetroVietnam reported increasing production volumes. PetroVietnams April 2003 discovery of an oil deposit in Dai Hung, estimated to have a capacity of 6,300 bbl/d, was expected to further increase Vietnamese production. The decline in production overall from 2004 to 2005 was primarily the result of declining production at the Bach Ho field.The planned development of several new oil fields in coming years is expected to increase Vietnamese production. A new well at Block 15-1s Su Tu Trang (White Lion) field flowed 8,682 bbl/d in early 2004 and is scheduled to be developed by 2008. In October 2004, Japanese oil companies Nippon Oil Exploration (35 percent interest), Idemitsu Kosan (35 percent), and Teikoku Oil (30 percent) announced plans to fund the development of Blocks 05.1b and 05.1c in the N am Con Son Basin. Two months later, the Korean National Oil Corporation (KNOC), along with several Korean partners, finalized terms for the $300 million development of Block 11-2, which includes the Flying Orchid Field. PetroVietnam has a 25 percent interest in the joint venture.Exploration in Vietnam continues to yield new discoveries. In 2002, large oil and gas deposits were discovered in the Ca Ngu Vang (Golden Tuna) and Voi Trang (White Elephant) fields. SOCO Vietnam estimates that its Ca Ngu Vang well may contain up to 250 million barrels of oil. In July 2004, VSP discovered new stocks of oil in its firedrake field. Three months later, a joint venture comprised of American Technologies, Petronas, Singapore Petroleum, and PetroVietnam announced a 100-million-barrel oil discovery off Vietnams northeast coast.In September 2004, the Vietnamese government offered nine exploration blocks in the Phu Khanh basin off its southern coast. In November 2004, Japanese oil companies Nippon O il Exploration, Idemitsu Kosan, and Teikoku Oil signed an agreement to explore in two offshore blocks southeast of Ho Chi Minh City. They plan to drill a test well in 2006 and complete exploration by 2007. In December 2004, Talisman Energy was awarded the right to conduct exploration in the Cuu Long Basin, and received additional acreage in an adjacent area in April 2005. ONGC of India was awarded drilling rights in the deepwater Block 127 in the Phu Khanh Basinoff Vietnams central coast in October 2005. ChevronTexaco also received acreage in the Phu Khanh Basin in the most recent round of awards, with an award for Block 122 in October 2005.PetroVietnams storage and transportation division, Petrolimex, recently completed a new oil storage facility in the central Khanh Hoa province. The depot is largest in the country, with a total storage capacity of 3.68 million barrels.RefiningVietnam is in the process of building its first refinery. The $1.5 billion Dung Quat Refinery, located in Quang Ngai province, will have a crude distillation capacity of approximately 140,000 bbl/d. After several years of delays in financing the project, construction finally began in November 2005. Commercial operation of the refinery is expected to begin in early 2009. Vietnams distribution infrastructure is discontinuous, with the north and south of the country functioning largely as separate markets. Completion of the Dung Quat Refinery, located in the center of the country, should lead to greater interaction between the regions.A second refinery project is under consideration at Nghi Son, north of Hanoi in the Thanh Hoa province. The Vietnamese government has estimated the 150,000 bbl/d plant will cost $3 billion. In August 2004, Mitsubishi Corporation agreed to participate in building Nghi Son for completion in 2010. In December 2004, Vietnam contracted the International Business Company (IBC) of the British Virgin Islands to conduct a feasibility study for a third oil refinery, t o be located at Vung Ro in the southern Phu Yen province. The Vietnamese government hopes to complete the refinery within 12 years.Natural GasVietnams Oil Production and Consumption, 1980-2005. (Source EIA, International Energy Annual 2003.).EnlargeVietnams Oil Production and Consumption, 1980-2005. (Source EIA, International Energy Annual 2003.).Vietnam has proven gas reserves of 6.8 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), according to Oil and Gas Journal. Vietnams natural gas production and consumption have been rising rapidly since the late 1990s, with further increases expected as additional fields come onstream. Natural gas is currently produced entirely for domestic consumption. The Cuu Long basin offshore from the Mekong Delta in southern Vietnam, a source of associated gas from oil production, is the largest Vietnamese natural gas production area.Only two fields in Vietnam have been developed specifically for their natural gas potential Tien Hai, with a potential output of 1.76 million c ubic feet per day (Mmcf/d) and Lan Tay/Lan Do of Nam Con Son, which began producing over 5 Mmcf/d in 2002. In the Nam Con Son Basin, a $565 million, 230-mile pipeline was completed in June 2002 connecting the Lan Tay and Lan Do fields to the mainland at Vung Tau. The Nam Con Son project consists of five subsea wells linked to a production platform and a pipeline leading to an onshore treatment plant. Gas is piped to three generating plants at the Phu My industrial complex, where electricity is provided primarily to areas surrounding Ho Chi Minh City. In December 2004, the Vietnamese government announced that output from Nam Con Son was expected to reach 88 billion cubic feet (Bcf), exceeding planned production by 90%. The project currently supplies the Phu My 1, Phu My 3, Phu My 2.1 power plants and the extended Phu My 2.1 plant. Phu My 2.2 will begin using output from the field soon thereafter.In December 2002, a consortium headed by Korea National Oil Corporation (KNOC) signed an agreement to install facilities to pump and supply 130 Mmcf/d of natural gas to Vietnam. The natural gas, located in the Rong Doi and Rong Doi Tay fields on Block 11-2 of the Nam Con Son Basin, is sold to PetroVietnam under a 23-year contract. PetroVietnam resells most this volume to Electricity of Vietnam (EVN). Production at the fields began in mid-2005. In December 2004, KNOC and PetroVietnam signed agreements to further exploit natural gas in both Blocks 11 and 12. Construction of an additional pipeline to bring ashore natural gas from block 11 began in October 2005, and is scheduled for completion in October 2006.The Su Tu Den and Rang Dong oil fields, both of which have considerable Vietnamese reserves of associated natural gas, are located near the 62-mile pipeline from the Bach Ho field. An estimated 60 Mmcf/d of gas from the fields is earmarked for consumption in power plants in southern Vietnam.Both TotalFinaElf and ChevronTexaco (originally Unocal) have found natural gas in exploratory drilling of the Malay basin. Additionally, Talisman Energy has found natural gas at the Cai Nuoc field in block 46. The discovery is close to block PM-3-CAA, which straddles the maritime border with Malaysia, and is expected to contain up to 100 Bcf of recoverable gas reserves.A contract was awarded to McDermott International in March 2006 for construction of a 200-mile pipeline, which will transport natural gas from the PM3-CAA block to Ca Mau province in southern Vietnam. It is scheduled for completion in 2007.In December 2004, PetroVietnam announced that it was reconsidering the $70 million Phu My gas pipeline project from Phu My to Nhon Trach due to increased expenses associated with land costs in compensation areas. The pipeline was initially planned to transport associated gas from the Bach Ho and Rong fields for power generation.CoalVietnam contains coal reserves estimated at 165 million short tons (Mmst), the majority of which is anthracite. Production has inc reased dramatically over the last decade, with Vietnam producing over 18 Mmst in 2003. As a result, Vietnam exported a record 7 Mmst of coal, primarily to Japan and China, in 2003. Although Vietnam has historically relied on hydropower for electricity, it has recently promoted the construction of coal-fired power plants. Vinocoal plans to build eight coal-fueled thermal power plants with a total capacity of 2,900 megawatts (MW) by 2010. Six are currently in various stages of planning and construction. In December 2004, the Vietnamese government approved Vinacoals proposal to invest in a 200-MW, coal-fired thermal power plant in the Son Dong district. The plant is scheduled to begin operation in 2007. Coal-fired power plants are expected to eventually account for 25% of Vietnams total electricity production. The Vietnamese government estimates that 10.2 Mmst of coal is needed per year to meet increasing domestic demand, projected at 20,000 MW by 2010.Vietnam continues to exploit new coal reserves within its borders. In March 2003, a significant coal bed was discovered in the Red River Delta region of northern Vietnam. Vinacoal plans to use the reserve for thermal power plants. In October 2004, Vinacoal entered talks with Chinas Fujian Province Coal Industry Corporation to jointly exploit the Bac Coc Sau mine in the Quang Ninh province.ElectricityVietnams Electricity Generation, 1980-2003. (Source EIA, International Energy Annual 2003.).EnlargeVietnams Electricity Generation, 1980-2003. (Source EIA, International Energy Annual 2003.).Although Vietnams per capita electricity consumption is among the lowest in Asia, demand has risen in recent years, straining the countrys limited generating capacity. Rapid commercial sector growth, population migration to major cities, and elevated living standards have all contributed to a growing demand for electricity. In 2003, Vietnam had a total electric generating capacity of 8.8 gigawatts (GW) and generated 39.7 billion kil owatt-hours (kWh) of electricity, of which 52 percent was hydropower.Electricity demand in Vietnam is forecast to grow 15 percent per year until 2010. Vietnam currently buys power from China to prevent shortages in the north, and plans to begin purchasing from Laos in 2008.The majority of thermal electricity generation in Vietnam depends on coal-fired plants, though natural gas use is expanding. EVNs Pha Lai is the largest coal-fired power project in Vietnam, with the second of two 300-MW units coming into service in 2003. In order to meet increased demand, construction or expansion is planned for 32 power stations (7,547 MW) before 2010. The state power company, Elctricit of Vietnam (EVN), plans to commission 16 hydropower plants by 2010 and increased capacity at the Uong Bi coal-fired plant to 400 MW in 2005. Vinacoal also has plans to construct eight additional coal-fired power plants.Vietnam currently has five hydroelectric expansions underway. The countrys Son La project, which began construction in late 2005, is anticipated to have a generating capacity of 2,400 megawatts (MW) by 2012, will be the largest hydroelectric project in Vietnam when completed. In September 2004, construction began on the Ban Ve hydroelectric power plant, expected to begin operations in 2008. EVN began work on four additional hydroelectric projects in late 2004. The Dong Nai 3 and Dong Nai 4, both located in the Central Highlands region, are expected to be completed within four years and to provide approximately 520 MW of generating capacity. In December 2004, EVN began construction of the Se San 4 hydropower plant in the central highlands provinces of Gia Lai and Kon Tum. The plant is anticipated to have a capacity of 330 MW and to generate 1,390 million kWh per year. Vietnam also plans to build three additional plants in the region before 2010.In March 2004, EVN announced plans to spend $1.3 billion to build and refurbish power plants with a combined capacity of 1,510 MW. The projects include the combined cycle power plant Phu My 2.1, the hydroelectric facility Can Don, the Phu My 3 and Phu My 4 thermal plants, and Na Duong. Additional projects include the Song Ba Ha, Bac Binh, Se San 4, Dong Nai 3 and Dong Nai 4 hydrostations, the Quang Ninh, Ninh Binh extension, and the O Mon 600-MW thermal plant.The development of natural gas-fired plants in the Phu My complex of the Ba Ria-Vung Tau province has helped to offset Vietnams heavy reliance on hydropower, which can be vulnerable to disruption when monsoon rainfall is unusually low. In March 2003, the 720-MW Phu My 3 power plant commenced operations. The $450 million plant, owned by a consortium led by UKs BP, was Vietnams first foreign-invested, build-operate-transfer (BOT) project. EVN has contracted to purchase the output under a 20-year power purchase agreement. Mitsubishi received an award in February 2006 for the construction of a 330-MW natural gas-fired power plant in the southern Mekong delta. The plant will come online in early 2009, running initially on fuel oil, and switching to natural gas when pipeline infrastructure is completed.More foreign companies are beginning to enter the growing Vietnamese power market in the form of Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) projects. EVN and a consortium including Tokyo Electric Power (TEPCO), Sumitomo, and Elctricit de France (EdF) began BOT construction of the Mekong Deltas 715-MW Phu My 2-2 in January 2003. The plant is fueled by gas from Nam Con Son Basin.EVN plans to develop a national electricity grid by 2020 by patching together several regional grids. The countrys distribution infrastructure is poorly maintained, but has benefited from recent improvements. A North-South power cable transmits electricity from Vietnams largest generator, the Hoa Binh hydropower plant in the North, to large population centers in the South, linking the country into one electricity grid and helping alleviate electricity shortages in Ho Chi Minh City. The $56 million project was funded by the World Bank. Vietnam is considering the construction of a 500-KV, 188-mile power line from Pleiku to Danang city at a cost of $130 million. The Vietnamese government has estimated that an additional 9,300 miles of high-voltage transmission lines and 173,600 miles of medium- and low-voltage transmission lines will be necessary to accommodate new capacity by 2010. In September 2004, EVN announced plans to invest $330 million over five years to upgrade transmission lines surrounding Hanoi.Vietnam plans to complete its first nuclear power plant by 2020 as an alternate means on meeting demand. In December 2004, the Vietnamese Ministry of Science and Technology submitted a pre-feasibility study for the 2,000-megawatt (MW) nuclear plant to the National Assembly.Fossil Fuels Coal, Oil and Natural GasWhere Fossil Fuels Come FromThere are three major forms of fossil fuels coal, oil and natural gas. All three were formed many hundreds of millions of years ago before the time of the dinosaurs hence the name fossil fuels. The age they were formed is called the Carboniferous Period. It was part of the Paleozoic Era. Carboniferous gets its name from carbon, the basic element in coal and other fossil fuels.The Carboniferous Period occurred from about 360 to 286 million years ago. At the time, the land was covered with swamps filled with huge trees, ferns and other large leafy plants, similar to the picture above. The water and seas were filled with algae the green stuff that forms on a stagnant pool of water. Algae is actually millions of very small plants.Some deposits of coal can be found during the time of the dinosaurs. For example, thin carbon layers can be found during the late Cretaceous Period (65 million years ago) the time of Tyrannosaurus Rex. But the main deposits of fossil fuels are from the Carboniferous Period. For more about the various geologic eras, go to www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.html.As the trees and plant s died, they sank to the bottom of the swamps of oceans. They formed layers of a spongy material called peat. Over many hundreds of years, the peat was covered by sand and clay and other minerals, which turned into a type of rock called sedimentary.More and more rock piled on top of more rock, and it weighed more and more. It began to press down on the peat. The peat was squeezed and squeezed until the water came out of it and it eventually, over millions of years, it turned into coal, oil or petroleum, and natural gas.CoalCoal is a hard, black colored rock-like substance. It is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and varying amounts of sulphur. There are three main types of coal anthracite, bituminous and lignite. Anthracite coal is the hardest and has more carbon, which gives it a higher energy content. Lignite is the softest and is low in carbon but high in hydrogen and oxygen content. Bituminous is in between. Today, the precursor to coal peat is still found in many countries and is also used as an energy source.The earliest known use of coal was in China. Coal from the Fu-shun mine in northeastern China may have been used to smelt copper as early as 3,000 years ago. The Chinese thought coal was a stone that could burn.Coal is found in many of the lower 48 states of U.S. and throughout the rest of the world. Coal is mined out of the ground using various methods. Some coal mines are dug by sinking vertical or horizontal shafts deep under ground, and coal miners travel by elevators or trains deep under ground to dig the coal. Other coal is mined in strip mines where huge steam shovels strip away the top layers above the coal. The layers are then restored after the coal is taken away.The coal is then shipped by train and boats and even in pipelines. In pipelines, the coal is ground up and mixed with water to make whats called a slurry. This is then pumped many miles through pipelines. At the other end, the coal is used to fuel power plants and ot her factories.Oil or PetroleumOil is another fossil fuel. It was also formed more than 300 million years ago. Some scientists say that tiny diatoms are the source of oil. Diatoms are sea creatures the Picture of oil formationsize of a pin head. They do one thing just like plants they can convert sunlight directly into stored energy.Oil has been used for more than 5,000-6,000 years. The ancient Sumerians, Assyrians and Babylonians used crude oil and asphalt (pitch) collected from large seeps at Tuttul (modern-day Hit) on the Euphrates River. A seep is a place on the ground where the oil leaks up from below ground. The ancient Egyptians, used liquid oil as a medicine for wounds, and oil has been used in lamps to provide light.The Dead Sea, near the modern Country of Israel, used to be called Lake Asphaltites. The word asphalt was derived is from that term because of the lumps of gooey petroleum that were washed up on the lake shores from underwater seeps.In North America, Native Ameri cans used blankets to skim oil off the surface of streams and lakes. They used oil as medicine and to make canoes water-proof. During the Revolutionary War, Native Americans taught George Washingtons troops how to treat frostbite with oil.As our country grew, the demand for oil continued to increase as a fuel for lamps. Petroleum oil began to replace whale oil in lamps because the price for whale oil was very high. During this time, most petroleum oil came from distilling coal into a liquid or by skimming it off of lakes just as the Native Americans did.Then on August 27, 1859, Edwin L. Drake (the man standing on the right in the black and white picture to the right), struck liquid oil at his well near Titusville, Pennsylvania. He found oil under ground and a way that could pump it to the surface. The well pumped the oil into barrels made out of wood. This method of drilling for oil is still being used today all over the world in areas where oil can be found below the surface.Oil a nd natural gas are found under ground between folds of rock and in areas of rock that are porous and contain the oils within the rock itself. The folds of rock were formed as the earth shifts and moves. Its similar to how a small, throw carpet will bunch up in places on the floor.To find oil and natural gas, companies drill through the earth to the deposits deep below the surface. The oil and natural gas are then pumped from below the ground by oil rigs (like in the picture). They then usually travel through pipelines or by ship.Oil is found in 18 of the 58 counties in California. Kern County, the County where Bakersfield is found, is one of the largest oil production places in the country. But we only get one-half of our oil from California wells. The rest comes from Alaska, and an increasing amount comes from other countries. In the entire U.S., more than 50 percent of all the oil we use comes from outside the countrymost of it from the Middle East.Oil is brought to California by large tanker ships. The petroleum or crude oil must be changed or refined into other products before it can be used.RefineriesOil is stored in large tanks until it is sent to various places to be used. At oil refineries, crude oil is split into various types of products by heating the thick black oil.Oil is made into many different products fertilizers for farms, the clothes you wear, the toothbrush you use, the plastic bottle that holds your milk, the plastic pen that you write with. They all came from oil. There are thousands of other products that come from oil. Almost all plastic comes originally from oil. Can you think of some other things made from oil?The products include gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation or jet fuel, home heating oil, oil for ships and oil to burn in power plants to make electricity. Heres what a barrel of crude oil can make.In California, 74 percent of our oil is used for transportation cars, planes, trucks, buses and motorcycles. Well learn more about tran sportation energy in Chapter 18.Natural GasSometime between 6,000 to 2,000 years BCE (Before the Common Era), the first discoveries of natural gas seeps were made in Iran. Many early writers described the natural petroleum seeps in the Middle East, especially in the Baku region of what is now Azerbaijan. The gas seeps, probably first ignited by lightning, provided the fuel for the eternal fires of the fire-worshiping religion of the ancient Persians.Natural gas is lighter than air. Natural gas is mostly made up of a gas called methane. Methane is a simple chemical compound that is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Its chemical formula is CH4 one atom of carbon along with four atoms hydrogen. This gas is highly flammable.Natural gas is usually found near petroleum underground. It is pumped from below ground and travels in pipelines to storage areas. The next chapter looks at that pipeline system. Natural gas usually has no odor and you cant see it. Before it is sent to the pipel ines and storage tanks, it is mixed with a chemical that gives a strong odor. The odor smells almost like rotten eggs. The odor makes it easy to smell if there is a leak.Energy Safety Note If you smell that rotten egg smell in your house, tell your folks and get out of the house quickly. Dont turn on any lights or other electrical devices. A spark from a light switch can ignite the gas very easily. Go to a neighbors house and call 9-1-1 for emergency help.Saving Fossil FuelsFossil fuels take millions of years to make. We are using up the fuels that were made more than 300 million years ago before the time of the dinosaurs. Once they are gone they are gone. So, its best to not waste fossil fuels. They are not renewable they cant really be made again. We can save fossil fuels by conserving energy.Natural Gas Distribution SystemWe learned in Chapter 8 that natural gas is a fossil fuel. It is a gaseous molecule thats made up of two atoms one carbon atom combined with four hydrogen atom . Its chemical formula is CH4. The picture on the right is a model of what the molecule could look like. Dont confuse natural gas with gasoline, which we call gas for short. Like oil, natural gas is found under ground and under the ocean floor. Wells are drilled to tap into natural gas reservoirs just like drilling for oil. Once a drill has hit an area that contains natural gas, it can be brought to the surface through pipes. The natural gas has to get from the wells to us. To do that, there is a huge network of pipelines that brings natural gas from the gas fields to us. Some of these pipes are two feet wide. Natural gas is sent in larger pipelines to power plants to make electricity or to factories because they use lots of gas. Bakeries use natural gas to heat ovens to bake bread, pies, pastries and cookies. Other businesses use natural gas for heating their buildings or heating water.From larger pipelines, the gas goes through smaller and smaller pipes to your neighborhood.In bus inesses and in your home, the natural gas must first pass through a meter, which measures the amount of fuel going into the building. A gas company worker reads the meter and the company will charge you for the amount of natural gas you used. In some homes, natural gas is used for cooking, heating water and heating the house in a furnace. In rural areas, where there are no natural gas pipelines, propane (another form of gas thats often made when oil is refined) or bottled gas is used instead of natural gas. Propane is also called LPG, or liquefied petroleum gas, is made up of methane and a mixture with other gases like butane. Propane turns to a liquid when it is placed under slight pressure. For regular natural gas to turn into a liquid, it has to be made very, very cold. Cars and trucks can also use natural gas as a transportation fuel, but they must carry special cylinder-like tanks to hold the fuel.When natural gas is burned to make heat or burned in a cars engine, it burns very cleanly. When you combine natural gas with oxygen (the process of combustion), you produce carbon dioxide and water vapor plus the energy thats released in heat and light. Some impurities are contained in all natural gas. These include sulphur and butane and other chemicals. When burned, those impurities can create air pollution. The amount of pollution from natural gas is less than burning a more complex fuel like gasoline. Natural gas-powered cars are more than 90 percent cleaner than a gasoline-powered car.Thats why many people feel natural gas would be a good fuel for cars because it burns cleanly.Biomass EnergyBiomass is matter usually thought of as garbage. Some of it is just stuff lying around dead trees, tree branches, yard clippings, left-over crops, wood chips (like in the picture to the right), and bark and sawdust from lumber mills. It can even include used tires and livestock manure.Your trash, paper products that cant be recycled into other paper products, and other household waste are normally sent to the dump. Your trash contains some types of biomass that can be reused. Recycling biomass for fuel and other uses cuts down on the need for landfills to hold garbage. This stuff nobody seems to want can be used to produce electricity, heat, compost material or fuels. Composting material is decayed plant or food products mixed together in a compost pile and spread to help plants grow.California produces more than 60 million bone dry tons of biomass each year. Of this total, five million bone dry tons is now burned to make electricity. This is biomass from lumber mill wastes, urban wood waste, forest and agricultural residues and other feed stocks.If all of it was used, the 60 million tons of biomass in California could make close to 2,000 megawatts of electricity for Californias growing population and economy. Thats enough energy to make electricity for about two million homesHow biomass works is very simple. The waste wood, tree branches and othe r scraps are gathered together in big trucks. The trucks bring the waste from factories and from farms to a biomass power plant. Here the biomass is dumped into huge hoppers. This is then fed into a furnace where it is burned. The heat is used to boil water in the boiler, and the energy in the steam is used to turn turbines and generators .Biomass can also be tapped right at the landfill with burning waster products. When garbage decomposes, it gives off methane gas. Youll remember in chapters 8 and 9 that natural gas is made up of methane. Pipelines are put into the landfills and the methane gas can be collected. It is then used in power plants to make electricity. This type of biomass is called landfill gas.A similar thing can be done at animal feed lots. In places where lots of animals are raised, the animals like cattle, cows and even chickens produce manure. When manure decomposes, it also gives off methane gas similar to garbage. This gas can be burned right at the farm to m ake energy to run the farm.Using biomass can help reduce global warming compared to a fossil fuel-powered plant. Plants use and store carbon dioxide (CO2) when they grow. CO2 stored in the plant is released when th

Personal Reflection Of My Learning Style

Personal Reflection Of My Learning dashIntroduction subsequently doing this course my weaknesses and strengths be gravel apparent through my lecturers, and my mates. At first, I despised my lecturer critiques, I took it personally, and I thought they were ripe being nasty to me. After reflecting on their reviews and critiques, I can right off say that I actually appreciate all their comments because they work me figure where my shortcomings and strength are. They hurl sh squeeze me how to address my shortcomings and improve on my strengths. In the introductory chapters I entrust aspire to demonstrate what I nourish agreet, the judgement of my personal instruction style and strategic plan I impart devised for future show paternity.PERSONAL REFLECTIONPersonal reflections constitute a large severalize of my discoverment nurture process that take regularize spontaneously. I perceive experiment composing as a dash task, this is the experience of approximately if n on all students in my year. Unfortunately no matter how frightening we found it, it is mandatory in ein truth part of our course as we do not sit for exams. I have always struggled with bad grammar, clarity, choice of words, word count, and non-qualitative work. So many clock my Lecturers had to return my work to me and asked me to explain a statement that does not put to work sense to him.Along with struggles of choice of words and grammatical errors came former(a) struggles. I often struggle with researching, academic piece of music, materials resources and referencing. Beside my imperfect writing too come the problems of footnotes, prioritising, and procrastination.All the aforementioned problems were addressed in this course. What I learned around in the course is that it helps me to study efficiently, enhance my researching skills. The course teaches me to take quick step in reading, writing techniques, obligeing algorithm to read my text in any subject. Though it makes me read and learn slowly but actively. It similarly provides opportunity for me to interact with fellow students and facilitate group discussion, which enable us to verbalise about what we learn, reformulate and restructure the teaching. This course has also alter my learning style and has made me to be an aggressive learner. I have learnt so many writing techniques and terminology in this course which I must familiarize myself with, as they are mandatory to apply them in my future essay writing. Not doing that get out jeopardise my expected standard. schooling PREFERENCESAs you can see in the abovementioned chapters, what my writing skills are like. As unique as individual so also everyone has his or her own unique learning styles and preferences. This course demonstrated varieties of ways which students can learn and out of these modes and styles of learning it makes me identify suitable learning styles that are most appropriate for me, which are active and visual learning. T o maximise and strengthen my learning it required me to attend lectures regularly, take notes and elaborate them after lectures, record lectures if allowed, talk about what I learn, add diagram to notes whenever its possible, work in peer or group. These learning styles also enable me to capitalize on my strength and give room for improvement on my weaknesses. This style of learning helps me to organise and manage my time effectively, it provides me with various approaches to studying, vocabulary building, researching, analytical skills, writing skills and other happy learning strategies. My burning desire to excel has plunged me into enormous analytical thinking, which bequeath enhance my future essay writing and learning.ESTIMATED exploit PLAN FOR COMPLETION OF MY DEGREEIn the next chapters I will aspire to demonstrate the strategic sequential steps I will be applying for the completion of my degree course. Approaching my studies with positive habits and perceive it as nothing else but a possession of mind, and in other for me to travel along I have to make decision about my priorities, my time and my resources. I will devise an action plan for the areas I need to develop further and I will give more attention to ruminative experience and applying knowledge. Arrange and prioritise myself to eliminate distractions, knowing when I am more centre and productive. Studying at the same time effortless makes me establishes human activity and this has become my pattern and I stay clear of plan any other things at this time. I will also invalidate doing too much studying at one time, stick to my routine and follow the priorities I have set for myself and not allowing any other interest to sidetrack me from my goal. Implementing all this will makes me more systematize, collate the notes I have taken at lectures and in study groups together, reformulate, and restructure them in organization method I can develop. I will Investigate, enquire what my lecturers taught me, critically view the contents and quality of the lectures as I tangle witht want to accept what I was taught as what passes from my lecturer notes into my notes without wondering(a) or critically think about it or without reacting. I will also refer to my manual, other textbook, and web sites for assistance. I will also reflect on how I can relay or apply what I learn into my callings.One of my most difficult challenges is procrastination. This makes me struggling confluence up with the deadline and accomplish my goals. After this course, I have started to overcome the problem. However, I still put some things up for later but not as much as before.STRATEGY DEVICE FOR FUTURE try out WRITINGBelow are the structures I will use for successful production of my future essays writing. First class academic essay writing requires analytical demonstration of my knowledge and skills of the topic. I will analyse, dissect the topic, pre and carry the questions to get an overview. I will interpret the question, decode the question, and explain it in my own understanding. What is the main subject or content of the question, focus on the contents or else I will lose the track. Highlight the content. pose the task, as this is where I am going to extract my essay introduction. I will follow the criteria, the guidelines and look for relevant resources. After doing all this I will start planning my essay, commencement of my essay, timing, what I need to focus on, what need to be included in the essay? The vital information I need to gather, materials needed. The next step I will take is to start researching, at the completion of my research, I will start writing an outline, organize list of points I want to make in the essay in a way it will make sense. Start indite as it comes to my mind, collate them in correct format, and check grammatical errors and spelling. Do additional research to beef up the amount of words required. After doing all this then I will sta rt writing my essay in the following order.An introductionA main bodyA conclusionA critical evaluationMeeting up with the deadline is very pivotal in essay writing as there is special(prenominal) time of handing it in, but in situation where it is tough and strenuous I will talk to my lecturer as they are quite unselfish and they do usually give extension.ConclusionHaving realised that there is no quick or easy way to studying. I can single achieve through endurance, hard work, staying focus, immerse myself into rigorous swotting, and sequentially surveil my action plan. Implementation of the above plan and commitment will make me achieve my goal.

Reflective Essay: Reflection Techniques and Incidents

musing Es sound out Reflection techniques and IncidentsMohammed Islam reflective ReportStrategic PerspectivesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY-This paper go a air provide a ruminative analysis of personal puzzle from a MEGA skill exercise. The MEGA blood line affectation was undertaken by students from October 2014 to December 2014. It consisted of eight official game weeks with an initial two weeks provided as a practice period. Students were given the opportunity to phase angle collections in stage to unadulterated the weekly strategic decisions within the simulation (see appendix). The report forget incorporate relevant theories and concepts in relation to hypothesizeive analysis and discuss how fallive practice techniques can be reus able-bodied in analysing the Mega learning squad experience. Moreover, tercet overdecisive incidents (positive or negative) which form affected the police squad will be discussed.1.0 INTRODUCTION-Reflective piece of committal to writing is a regular topic of conversation within academic books. This is because the idea of reflectivity itself provides various benefits regardless of the context in which you decide to use it. By deciding to reflect on something an several(prenominal) is able to figure hold up at the scenario and analyse the item. This provides the opportunity to determine what happened, why it happened and how it can be changed in the future if the scenario was repeated. Gibbs (1988) postulated that It is non sufficient simply to concur an experience in order to learn. Without reflecting upon this experience it may quickly be forgotten, or its learning potential lost. It is from the savorings and thoughts emerging from this reflection that generalisations or concepts can be generated. And it is generalisations that allow new situations to be tackled effectively.Reflective writing enables an somebody to critically analyse a scenario and highlight experiences in a structured format. The source is a ble to obtain further insights from a range of perspectives including academic literature and self-evaluation. By writing something down an person has the opportunity to take into grudge further con locatingrations and provide a deeper reflection of the experiences that check occurred (Schn, 1987). Thus, reflective writing will provide the sublime process in analysing the Mega learnedness police squad experience.2.0 Reflective Practise Techniques2.1 CRITICAL INCIDENT TECHNIQUE-The Critical Incident Technique was developed in 1954 by John Flanagan with the assistance of various another(prenominal) collaborators. The model of reflection which was originally designed for job analysis purposes is an ideal process in analysing the Mega Learning aggroup experience. It is suggested that the technique consists of a bushel of procedures for collecting direct observations of human behaviour. This is done in such a way as to facilitate their potential usefulness in lick practical ta sks and developing broad psychological principles (Flanagan, 1954 327). I feel the critical incident technique will provide a simple hitherto effective method in analysing the group performance within the Mega Learning simulation. Predominantly it will enable myself and others in the meeting to identify monumental incidents whether positive or negative that occurred during the ground level of the simulation. By having the opportunity to reflect on the simulation through this process, individuals will be able to steering on special(prenominal) incidents and therefore critically analyse each situation. Thus, providing a deeper understanding and outlook on what situations occurred, why they occurred and how the scenario can provide a basis to learn from if the scenario where to repeat itself.2.2 LOGBOOK-The logbook/dairy provided class members the opportunity to eternise weekly entries passim the simulation (see appendix 1). This consisted of information regarding the discuss ions that took place in relation to the simulation and the weekly leave alones. Group members kept a prove of what was discussed, who was designated what occasion and what the strategy/action plan was. I feel the logbook will prove to be an essential and effective tool in analysing the Mega Learning Team experience. It provides a precise verification of a process and assists in reflection of past actions, thus ensuring better decisions can be do in future situations (Schon, 1987). Moreover, it allows students to identify specific critical incidents and refresh our memories on when it occurred and what exactly happened. It provides a source of evidence which cannot be altered or tampered with. Therefore, an individual could not possibly say a situation did or did not occur if it is not listed within this document. Furthermore, the logbook required group friendship which provided the opportunity for team members to communicate with each other. By fetching crack up in the creat ion of the logbook, it will help me analyse the Mega Learning team experience more effectively.3.0 Group FormationGroup formation consisted of individuals writing down personal strengths and weaknesses on a piece of paper. This was done in order to form groups of individuals who possess a range of strengths and characteristics. However, initial groups were organise through familiarity as students chose to cipher with people they knew or had previously worked with. I chose to work with two other individuals who are studying the same course as me because I knew how they operate. I wanted to discover the best graze possible and I knew that the other two individuals would place upper limit motion into achieving this goal. The other team members were attracted through the use of the strengths and weaknesses technique. Our group were on the prospect for individuals with Finance and Human Resources as key skills in order to bring a competitive advantage within the simulation. After reflecting upon this, I feel the method of group formation was honestified as there was jumble of familiarity on with new additions. by means of random selection of individuals you are not familiar with it is not guaranteed which type of individuals you will be working with. Therefore, you readiness dedicate to work with people who do not intend to render or place maximum effort into achieving the best grade. Conversely, you may excessively be placed with brilliant individuals who bring a range of skills and maximum effort to the group.After initial struggles with clarity of individual components within the team, medical specialist t take aways were delegated to each member of the group. Each team member had a specific task which they had to complete every week. Myself and the catch ones breath of the group thought it would be best if everyone had their own task to focus on in order to achieve the best result within the simulation. After reflecting upon this, it is inte e asementing to discover that the delegation of roles links significantly to Dr Meredith Belbins (1981, 2012) team roles scheme. By reflecting back at the scenario, I am amazed at how each individual un-intentionally go into specific categories of Belbins team roles. No method was used by our group to match the delegation of tasks/individuals to the roles within Belbins theory.4.0 Critical Incident 1 (Negative to Positive)Initially, along with the other team members I was very annoyed. I felt that the individual was not attempting to devote at all in completing the simulation. The team member did not provide any ideas or pay off to the meetings having looked at the following weeks results. They would just agree with the ideas of the rest of the group but ease up no opinion themselves. This persisted for a few weeks until I trenchant to say something to the team member in question.Moreover, I decided to take it upon myself to ask them to contribute more to the group and assist i n completing the simulation. I took on the role of the leader and delegated a specific role to the individual and conscious them not to be afraid to voice their opinion. This situation correlates with Tuckmans (1965) theory of performing team development model. It relates to the forming stage, which suggests that there is a high dependence on a individual to become a leader for bearing and guidance (Tuckman, 1965). Furthermore, this stage highlights the lack of clarity of individual roles and reliance on a specific individual for direction (leader).After delegating the role to the individual the team member blossomed to be a vital range of the team. The individual came to meetings prepared with answers and solutions and started to voice a opinion rather than just agreeing with the rest of the group. After reflecting on this incident and how the outcome came to fruition I would change my approach in future. I would look to intervene as early as possible to reap the rewards of the individuals contribution at a earlier stage. This will provide significant benefits for team and individual esprit de corps and therefore increase productivity and improve the results of the simulation.5.0 Critical Incident 2 (Negative)Initially, I did not mind taking a leading role within the simulation as I found it to be challenging. However, analysing the results and act to decide the correct strategy became beat consuming as fountainhead as stressful. Other team members were providing opinions and suggesting changes but were doing so without looking at previous results. Thus, providing random solutions which does not follow a strategy and may not result in a positive outcome. After the team meetings I also had to finalise the changes and submit the final decision. At the time the incident occurred I was attempting to feature a decision which was challenging, I was incertain on why certain negative results had been occurring. I over-reacted and decided to make my feelings w hich I had been holding back for a number of weeks clear to the rest of my group. This was done in a un superior and aggressive manner as it was a heat of the moment response.After taking time to reflect upon this and although my team members were over reliant on me, I should not have reacted in the manner I did. I was getting frustrated of having to complete the majority of the workload myself and at the moment in time was attempt to understand a certain aspect of the simulation. However, I should have advised them of the way I feel in a considerate and professional manner. By doing this, I would have avoided the need for confrontation with the rest of the group. Through the use of Gibbs (1988) model for reflection (see fig 1), I have been able to reflect upon this incident and identify the things that I could have done differently. If the scenario arose again, I would approach the situation in a different manner to result in a positive outcome for the group. From this experience I have learnt that at times I can over-react or say something in a aggressive manner which may be taken in the wrong context by others.6.0 Critical Incident 3 (Negative)I was extremely frustrated when I realised that someone had replicated my work and decided to complete the task that I was designated to do. Other members of the group all believed that they had finished the work which was delegated to them and the opposite person did the wrong task. This resulted in a group confrontation which caused friction between the group. I was adamant that I unblemished the correct task and I made this very clear. However, after reflecting on the scenario I have come to realise that the delegation of roles was not sensitive or done clearly, Thus, causing confusion between the team members around who is doing what task. Before actually looking at what was discussed and designated the previous week, all group members including myself decided to jump to conclusions and become defensive. The whole group were very literal that they had completed the correct task and therefore had no intentions in conclusion out how this occurred or if a solution can be identified. smell back at this, I should have tried to control the situation instead of contributing to it and letting it get out of hand. By taking the time to reflect on this particular scenario I have come to realise that patience and understanding are key principles of effective team work. Everyone makes mistakes and by neutralising the situation a potential solution can be found in order to resolve the original issue. If I am faced with a similar situation again, I will look to my leadership skills to analyse and take control of the situation. This will allow me to deed a negative scenario into a positive outcome by providing a positive influence and sense of direction to the rest of my team members. leading is defined as being a process whereby one individual influences other group members towards the attainment of defined group and organisational goals (Barron Greenburg, 1990). Another definition of leadership is provided by Rollinson and Broadfield (2002) who postulates that leadership is a procedure that enables a leader and other members of a group interact in a way which provides the significant individual (leader) to influence the actions of the rest of the group in a non-coercive manner. Thus, directing the team towards the achievement of specific tugs or objectives (Rollinson Broadfield, 2002).7.0 ConclusionIn conclusion the Mega Learning simulation has developed a range of on the table skills including effective teamwork, strategic development and implementation and also reflecting thinking. I have improved my ability to work as part of a team, taking into consideration other individuals strengths and weaknesses and using them as a basis to achieve positive outcomes. Moreover, I have significantly improved my communication skills throughout the process which will benefit me gre atly in future organisational and team activities that I undertake. The experience of the Mega simulation correlates to Kolbs Learning Cycle (1984), the first three elements consist of Concrete Experience, Observations and Reflections and Abstract conceptualisation (development of ideas) (Kolb, 2014). The influences of my learning experience will assist me significantly in future scenarios and this relates to the fourth element of vigorous Experimentation (Kolb, 2014). The ability to learn from experiences is an important life skill which contribute to the shaping of a individual. David Kolb postulates that Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience (Kolb, 1984, p. 38).8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHYBaron, R, A and Greenberg, J, (1990). Behaviour in organisations understanding and managing the human side of work. Allyn and BaconBelbin, M, (2012). Management Team Why they succeed or fail. Second edition. Routledge, 2012Belbin Associates. (2012).B elbin Team Roles.Available http//www.belbin.com/rte.asp?id=8. Last accessed 1st Feb 2015Buelens, M, Sinding, K., Waldstrom, C., Kreitner, R., and Kinicki, A. (2011) Organisational Behaviour, 4th Edition McGrawHill Higher EducationFlanagan, J.C. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51(4) 327358.Gibbs, G, (1988), Learning by Doing. A Guide to command and Learning Methods. FEUKolb, D, A. (2014). Experiential learning Experience as the source of learning and development(Vol. 2). FT Press, 2014Kolb, D. A. (1984).Experiential learning Experience as the source of learning and development(Vol. 1). Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-HallLuthans, F. (2011) Organisational Behaviour An Evidence-Based Approach, 12th Edition McGrawHillMcLeod, S, A. (2010) Kolb Learning Styles. Retrieved from http//www.simplypsychology.org/learning-kolb.htmlMcShane, S. L. and Von Glinow, M. A. (2012) Organisational Behaviour Emerging Knowledge, spheric Reality, 6th Edition McGraw-HillRolli nson, D Broadfield, A, (2002).Organisational Behaviour and Analysis An Integrated Approach. pecuniary Times Prentice Hall.Schn, DA, (1987),Educating the reflective practitioner, Jossey-Bass. San Francisco.Tuckman, B, (1965). Development sequence in low groups. Psychological Bulletin 63 384-399.APPENDIX 1 Log-book / DiaryThe aim of this is to give you guidance as to how to plan working together in your team for your first assignment.Develop an action plan by state the following questionsWhat are we supposed to be doing?What action needs to be taken?By whom?What time scale?What support is needed from the rest of the team?What to do if a team member has a problem in completing his/her task?What to do with someone who will not do any work or will not work as part of the team?Time chartTeam Members a) NisbahMartaMohammedLucio mobIf the following sheet is not enough please use additional notes on black page per week example is available on page 7(The titles of the columns will be e xplained in the lecture/seminars.)Reflective ReportPage 1

The World Heritage List In Africa Tourism Essay

The public Heritage List In Africa Tourism evidence1. IntroductionThe following part of the report provide give a general introduction to the lay which has been chosen to be added to the list of military personnel Heritage rates, viz. being The Maasai mara issue defy. Furthermore the realm and the region will be described followed by arguments why especially this site was chosen and further on naming all the criteria of the World Heritage Committee which the site meets. In addition a telegraphic analysis will be carried out using the Fermata method. This method will help to record all the resources the site has to offer in allege to develop a strategy on how to develop touristry indoors this bea. At the end the out deal of this chapters research will be summarized in a short conclusion.General Information on The Maasai mara National sustainThe Maasai mara National prevail is to a fault known as the Mara. Historically, Maasai Mara obtained its name from the native pe ople of Kenya the Maasai tribe who lived a long the Mara River. However, the hold back is only a portion of the Greater Mara Ecosystem, which implicates a group ranches for illustration koiyaki, lemeki ,Ol chorro Saina Maji moto Naakara Ol derkesi and Kiminet. The hold back is topography of open savannah grassland in the middle of clusters and acacia trees along the south-eastern area of the approximate range. The reserve covers an area of 1,510 square kilometres in the south-western Kenya. In the Federal part, the reserve is mainly covered with Mara-Serengeti ecosystem this covers 25,000 square kilometres between Tanzania and Kenya and in the south It is bounded by the Serengeti jet.ClimateThe Maasai Mara reserve is hardened at an altitude between 4,875 and 7,052 feet above sea level large(p) it a humid humor with moderate temperature. Daytime temperatures run at 85F (30C) and night temperatures drop to near 60F (15C). The rain falls between demo and May and shortly in November and December. Between July and October the weather is dry hence the vegetation is in wide thus touristry get more active in July and October to guarantee the parks furiouslife.TourismAccording to www.maasaimara.com, The Maasai Mara type of tourism is ecotourism. The ecosystem holds wholeness and only(a) of the highest lion densities in world with over two million Wildebeest, Zebra and Thomsons Gazelle that transmigrate annually. This action is known as Natures passion play It occurs between the calendar month of July and august. additionally the Mara reserve is also home to the largest concentration of wildlife. These include the Big Five (Leopards elephants lions rhinos and buffalo) zebras, antelope, gnus, Oribis, hyenas, giraffes, warthogs, gazelles, hartebeests, hippos, crocodiles to mention a few.The Maasai finishing is precisely a nonher(prenominal) major attraction, because of their authentic enculturation thats why it is recognised as one of the best-know n tribes in world for their bright colored c split uphes and handed-down dances, souvenirs, art and collectibles that explain their unique tradition. notwithstanding Bird watching is yet another source of tourism. The Maasai Mara boasts over 400 different birds species. and so it attracts bird lover.Arguments for the siteIn the following, the choice of the Maasai Mara Natural constraint as a potential future World Heritage Site will be justified with the help of UNESCO criteria. The Maasai Mara Reserve is most(prenominal) famous for its unique wildebeest migration which give the gatenot be ensnare anywhere else on planet earth. The occurrence of the plentiful(p) five as hearty as the wintering line for many endangered species urgencyons the reserve an primal area that has to be protected in the future. Below three criteria will be mentioned which target be referred to the Maasai Mara ReserveCriteria V to be an outstanding example of a traditional human enclothetlemen t, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become undefendable under the impact of irreversible change.This criterion thunder mug be connect to the Maasai community living in peace and symmetry with the wildlife since a long time. The Maasai community used the land for many years while they unploughed in mind to conserve the predominant wildlife in a responsible for(p) way.Criteria VII To contain superlative essential phenomena or areas of exceptional subjective beauty and aesthetic importance.With its annual wildebeest migration from the Serengeti to the Maasai Mara Reserve the site fulfills the criterion of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance since on that point is no comparable natural phenomenon worldwide. Further on, the Maasai Mara National Reserve is equipped with beautiful savanna grasslands and plenty different herbivores and bird species. Moreover, the big 5 tin can be found within the reserve what is also very unique.Criteria X to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal evaluate from the point of view of science or conservation.Since the reserve is an important wintering spot for many different species the criterion of significant in-situ conservation is warranted definitely. also the occurrence of carnivores such as the lions or the cheetahs are very important for the reserve because they are listed as threatened. Furthermore, they keep the balance of prey metrical composition what is crucial for the ecosystem.Analysis using the Fermata methodIn order to come up with a good strategy on how to develop tourism within the Mara region, it is of great importance to know what resources are already available at this moment. on that pointfore the FERMATA method has been chosen, providing four different tables, namely inherent and extrinsic value, modifiers and waypoints. These tables categorize everything that can be found in and nigh the site and can serve tourism purposes.Intrinsic determineDescribing a world heritage site means defining intrinsic and extrinsic values of the site. Intrinsic values are those which originate at the resource itself. Hence, intrinsic values are of natural character. These intrinsic values are for instance Scale, integrity and aesthetic of the beautify as easy as diversity, specialty, conspicuousness, appeal, scope and dynamics of resources.In terms of the description of the landscape, the Massai Mara Reserve is characterized by the Mara-River which divides the Reserve into two parts. Further on, the variety in altitudinal range between 200 and 1000 meter makes the Massai Mara a diverse area for all different kinds of birds and flora. With a come in scope of 1,510 square kilometers the reserve provides habitat for 1,300,000 wildebees t, 360,000 gazelles and 191,000 zebras. Additionally, many carnivores as rise as more than 600 bird species can be found in and around the reserve. In terms of human intervention, the reserve is managed by the Narok County Council and the Transmara County Council who set up several rules and regulations concerning behavior within the Massai Mara Reserve. Moreover, the Massai Community lost much of their land because it became a protected area of the reserve. Furthermore, many farms certain in the northern part of the reserve referable to its fertile land. Referred to tourism some 45 tented camps are distributed all over the reserve which arouses a lot of damaging actions such as high water using up or dry-season grass fires caused by tourists. (Appendix evade 1)Going further, it is important to pip the resources into consideration. Due to its river, the grassland and the evergreen Amazonian forests the Massai Mara Reserve offers a diverse landscape. However, the landscape its elf cannot be considered as very special but the migration of the herbivores that grants the reserve a general impression of outstanding beauty. As already mentioned before, the wildebeest migration can be seen as the pull factor of the site since tourists travel around the world to see this unique natural phenomenon. Although this spectacle can be seen as the main attraction of the reserve many tourists come as puff up to observe the more than 600 different bird species whereof plenty are listed as endangered. Finally, the Mara River is the only dynamic resource which can be found at the reserve since the rest mainly consists of grasslands and savannah. Situated in Kenya, the climate can be defined as tropical with long rainfalls from April to June. (Appendix Table 2)Extrinsic valuesGenerally give tongue to extrinsic values can be seen as additional features in the natural site, which also make people come to visit the place apart from the fact that they want to enjoy the outstan ding natural resource. These features are made by homo and according to FERMATA Inc. (2002) they can be divided up into the following categories Social, Cultural, Historical, unpaid and stinting. For a brief description see the appendix XYZ ITo do this analysis of the extrinsic values to the Maasai Mara Reserve, it can be say that the reserve gives home to the Maasai people. It is estimated that around 500,000 Maasai live in that area, but due to their fear of governmental intervention into their lifestyle, miscounts often occur. The Maasai belong to those tribes that choose not changed a lot in their original culture, rituals and practices regardless of the modern worlds influences they are exposed to. Additionally it should be mentioned that they are mainly in self-possession of the land and deal with its management, however, lately they have lost a lot of land to parks and reserves, which prohibit them from accessing important sources of water, pastureland and spots where coarseness can be found. (Masaai Association, 2010) From a cultural point of view the villages of the antecedently mentioned Maasai tribe can be seen as an attracting attribute, for example due to their houses solemnly built from natural resources or their very simple lifestyle which is absolutely adjusted to their natural environment. Regarding the historical values one will have difficulties finding any in the Maasai Mara reserve, because the Maasai tribes live a nomadic life moving within the reserve work outing on the season and so certain monuments or special places are not part of their culture. alone their requirements for ceremonies and rituals are based on what they can find in nature. (Maasai Association, 2010) Concerning volunteer(a) values one can find three different lodges and around thirty campsites to spend the night there. Moreover these lodges or camps offer a number of safaris including jeeped safaris, wallow safaris, horse riding safaris and walking safari s accompanied by a Maasai. (ORD Group, 2010) Finally the economic values of the Maasai Mara National Reserve are that it attracts a lot of tourists and as the number of indwellers is constantly increasing, but the number of livestock is decreasing in the same time, people depend more and more on other sources for nourishment. Therefore in the northern part of the area they have started to erect extensive fields to mother e.g. soya beans, wheat or sorghum. (UNESCO, 2010)Modifiers, constraints, limits, qualifying factorsModifiers These are constraints that kibosh tourism development at the Maasai Mara ReserveEcological The damage in term of ecology is high, this is due to fact that Maasai Mara is not a national park but rather a national reserve hence it is not managed by the Kenya Wildlife Service. Its welfare is entrusted in the hands of Narok County Council and the Mara Conservancy who attain generate from the Trans Mara County Council. According to Dublin (1991) the lack of pr oper management leads to poaching, demolition of habitat by constant uncontrolled bush fires and exceptionally bowed down(p) influx of elephants hence to a decline in number of animals. Moreover over development of hotels, camps and loges outside the gate of the reserve is growing on a high rate.A summary of the ecological constrains according to Charles Ndegwa Mundia, Yuji Murayama ( 2009) can be found in the appendix XYZ-II.Physical Tracks are established, balloon and helicopters in order to reach the natural and cultural heritages. Visiting the reserve is possible throughout the years. High season is from January to March this is when it is heavily overcrowded by people because it is dry and warm. Also in June and September it is overcrowded because this is the time when wild beasts migrate.Health and Safety Masai Mara Reserve is fairly a true(p) place, however, it is recommended not to get out of track. Concerning the health issues, the Maasai Mara National Reserve lies in a malaria region which foresees to take anti malaria precautions, wearing long-sleeved uniform after dark and keeping insect repellent. The water is safe and there is big hospital in Nairobi 100km east of the park in grimace of an emergency. Feeding animals is not allowed since it might induce danger of boldness and raise aberrant behaviour which might be harmful for the visitors.Regulatory There are many rules and regulations mainly for conservation and visitors safety and faller to apply there is a penalty in form of paying a certain amount of money. According to Matt J. Walpole (2003) In the Mara triplicity not more than five vehicles is allowed around an animal because it disturb the harmony of animals. Secondly Human habitation is forbidden in the National Park only staffs are allowed. Thirdly driving off the road is not allowed. Also Visitors are only allowed on the roads from 0600 to 1900. Additionally people are urged to keep the environment clean putting cast away at the ir accommodation not at site. Respect the culture of the topical anesthetic people and lastly no animal feeding by visitors because it dangerous.Economic the fee to reach the reserve and cultural resources is moderate since the Kenyan gold value is low, except for the accommodation and guided tours depending on if you sleeping in camp or luxurious hotel. The transit to the park as well as entering the park certain fee is obligated. Adult inhabitant costs 500 Kshs children inhabitant costs 200 Kshs, adult non local 30 US dollars and children non local 10 US dollars.Time The reserve can be accessed from Nairobi airport, its about 270km that is six hours by car but it can shorter by helicopter. The more suitable time is in June and September when wildlife migration take place Moreover the high season is from January to March when it is warm and dry. In October December are rainy seasons however it doesnt hinder game viewingTo conclude the above constrains, it can be said that Mar a reserve is facing a lot of challenges mainly regarding the ecology. except they have implemented rules to protect both the animals and the people although the rules are not 100% acted upon because the government left the reserve in the hands of closed-door ownership. However there is evidence that the site has abundant nature and culture sites, unique species and rear landscape hence these fit in UNESCO criteria.Waypoints Gateways, Portals, IconsME final resultMe