Strategic Operations Issues Essay Example for Free

St enjoingic Operations Issues EssayUsing your own organisation or a local organisation that you know well, identify a strategic trading trading operations issue or paradox that needs to be addressed. Describe the organisation briefly and briefly explain the specific operational issue, problem or process that needs to be addressed and provide clear details of its functions within the organisation analyse the problem using a image cove cherry in the subject consider the performance objectives of operations management departs to performance objectives or outcomes expediencys theory and recommendations for improving the system or operation. Exe fireive compactManufacturing plant operation issues of XYZ P remnantics Pty Ltd This paper stu moves the operations issues of XYZ Plastics Pty Ltds manufacturing plant. In the last three months, the plant experienced a decline in % OEE (% Overall Equipment Effectiveness) from 90 per pennyime to 81 per cent, the knifelike bodilys in ventory increase 10 per cent from 900 rafts to 990 haemorrhoid and increased the outsource store cost from $100 000 per month to $150 000 per month. The over term cost was also increased by 50 per cent from $20 000 per month to $30 000 per month.The analysis of the manufacturing process and workflow revealed that the floor causes were a) Inadequate communication linkage between the Planner and Maintenance supervisor which resulted in lack of critical sp atomic number 18 parts to service major equipment breakdown. b) The locoweed size of bloodless-hot product was withal small which contri exclusivelyed to hie termination and quality red c) The Planners come in quantity of raw stuffs was too big and cause average inventory to increase and inventory overrun to outsource warehouse. d) The look-alike handling of raw literals by the warehouse staff which contributed to the wastage of overtime resources. The occupy recommended the companya) Use a Kanban system to signal e xtract to the Planner to order spare parts for maintenance department. b) To set up an operating(a) insurance policy to limit the minimum production survey size to 24 rafts for white product. c) To maintain a discipline of using the economic Order pure tone (EOQ) for replenishmentorder of the raw real(a)s and reorder according to the inventory profile establish on safety blood line, delivery time and consumption rate. d) To provide information to the operating staff regarding the Wastes of Lean Manufacturing as a way to promote the learning culture.Table of ContentsTable of Figures1 IntroductionXYZ Plastics Pty Ltd manufactures and sells black and white plastic tangibles for toy molding application. Its manufacturing process involves grinding the polyethylene plastics into a molten form and mixing with black pigment or white pigment. It produces a black product and a white product. The products are sold in 25 kg bags. The plant operates 24 hours by seven days a week but on ly four weeks in a month. It produces a product mix of 96 per cent black and four per cent white.The habitual Manager reviewed the monthly operations report recently and base that in the last three months, the operations performance was on a downward cut a) Its Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) dropped down from 90 per cent to 81 per cent. Pophaley (2010) states that there would have been issues associated with the availableness rate, surgical operation rate or Quality rate.b) Raw material average inventory was increased by 10 per cent and the outsourced warehouse costs increased by 15 per cent. c) There was 50 per cent more overtime paid to fulltime workers.The gross sales volume remained unchanged at around 672 000 kg per month in the last three months. This was alarming because it suggested that the profile and productivity would have dropped. The General Manager called a meeting with its operations team to review the performance data and operations issues. They traced the problem back to the manufacturing processes and workflow to hold the root causes and take corrective actions.Discussion and analysisThe manufacturing process involves loading the plastic pellets and pigments into the hopper, the grinder and mixer converts the mechanical energy into heat thence melts and mixes the raw materials. The mixed molten paste is extruded out through a pressing die with 400 holes to form spaghetti like strips. The strips are cooled by water and cut into pellets by the rotary cutter, the slurry is then spun in a water separator to remove the water and dry the plastic pellets (see Figure 1 below). The products are then packed into 25 kg bags and stacked onto a pallet as a 1000 kg lot.Figure Manufacturing process schematic diagram2.1 OEE performance trend analysisThe operations team reviewed the % OEE trend of the last three months and looked at the date of three components that made up the % OEE, namely Availability rate, Performance rate and Quality rat e mentioned by (Pophaley 2010). They found that all three components were on the decreasing trend which contributed to the % OEE decrease from 90 per cent to 81 per cent. The operations team found that the Availability rate dropped from 95 per cent to 93 per cent which indicated that there was increase of equipment breakdowns. They looked at the maintenance log book and found that there was an increase of pressing die unaccenteding frequency. During the pressing die cleaning, the process is shut down and the maintenance staffs needs to pass off 16 hours to practise holes to clean the dirt out. This maintenance job is usually outsourced and they have a spare pressing die but this was not returned to the plant on time from the cleaning services provider because there was a miscommunication between the Planner and the Maintenance Supervisor. The workflow is draw in (Figure 2 below).Figure Process procedure of workflowThe maintenance supervisor left an email message to the Planner , to order the die cleaning service which the Planner overlooked. There was a delay in sending the spare pressing die out to the supplier for cleaning. If they hadthe spare pressing die ready, they would have saved the downtime of 16 hours for cleaning the die. It appears that a Kanban pull system would have provided better systematic demand information as stated by (Claudio Krishnamurthy 2009) for parts replenishment. The operations team found that the performance rate dropped from 97 per cent to 92 per cent of their maximum capable production rate of 1030 kg per hour, based on the current deteriorated production rate of 947.6 kg per hour (0.92 1030) the plant will be behind the monthly production target.The operations team reviewed the production log book and found that the production run loss was due to increased production runs of white products. For every white production run, the operating staffs needs to clean the whole production line thoroughly because the black pellets in the previous run will contaminate the white products. The cleaning process required two hours per run. The plant also needs to spend two hours to change the rotary cutter as well. The plant normally runs one white product per month (26 880 kg) but in recent months the sales team requested four smaller white product runs per month (6720 kg 4). The rationale was there were four smaller customers willing to pay high price for the white products but they required delivery at short notice without providing forecast to the Planner.The smaller run size of white product contributes negatively to the per cent performance rate, the cleaning time of two hours per run and cutter changing time of two hours per run contributes a total of four hours of speed loss per run which could have been utilised to make more products.The Planner and sales team did not communicate with each other on this change and assess the economy of scale for the production run. The operations team re-assessed the c hange with the capacity size finish process, as (Rabta Reiner 2012) suggested that optimal values of production batch size will reduce cost and lead time. The operations team took considerations on algorithms of the extra cost required for the cleaning, changing cutter and speed loss for different batch sizes, and generated a graph (see Figure 3 below) to assist the decision on the size of the production run.Figure Capacity size decision graphThe Figure 3 graph showed that the smaller run (6720 kg per run) costs more to make per ton and even selling at increased price, it was making a profile margin of only $100 per ton. In comparison, the larger run size (26 880 kg per run) costs less to make but even selling at normal price, it was still making $400 per ton. The graph showed that the most economical run of the white product is 24 tons. The operations team also found that the quality rate dropped from 98 per cent to 95 per cent. They checked the quality records and determined th at this was due to the rework materials generated from the increased white runs. The manufacturing team used raw materials to purge clean the process system to avoid contamination. The purged materials were used later on the black runs as rework. The time they played out on the rework could have been utilised to make good product.The above analysis determined the root causes which caused the % OEE drop from 90 per cent to 81 per cent and it is illustrated below% OEE = Availability rate % Performance rate % Quality rate % Historical % OEE = 95% 97% 98% = 90%Current % OEE = 93% 92% 95% = 81%.2.2 Raw materials inventory analysisThe operations team reviewed the inventory performance on the monthly operations report it showed that the raw material average inventory volume increased by 10 per cent from 900 tons to 990 tons in the last three months. Due to the increase in average inventory, the plant ran out of storage space and therefore it required the inventory to be stored at an outsourced warehouse location. The plant storage space was adequate to store 1000 tons of raw materials but from time to time the space is filled and overflows the inventory to the outsource warehouse especially in the last three months. As a result, it increased the storage costs by 15 per cent from $100 000 to $115 000 per month including logistics and labour costs for the material handling.The operations team interviewed the Planner regarding the order quality and order frequency. The investigation revealed that the Planner was not rescript based on inventory management principles. The ordering process takes about one week, from placing the order to receiving the goods. The plant normally keeps a safety downslope of 672 tons of raw materials (roughly enough for one month consumption). This was based on their experience that the raw materials comes from other state and shipment delays could be up to four weeks this safety stock is to maintain the service levels of the company. T he raw material comes in normal order quantity of 2.5 weeks consumption, about 420 tons (672 2.5/4 = 420 tons).The Planner starts to place order when the inventory gets close to 672 tons (the safety stock mark). When there is a supplier promotion, the Planner would order a bigger quantity than 420 tons, thinking that would save the company money. There were a number of supplier promotions in the last three months and the Planner placed a bigger order quantity of 470 tons for each promotion which resulted in an increase in average inventory level from 900 tons to 990 tons. The operations team constructed a graph to determine if the Planner was making the correct order quantity decision. They used the total inventory cost based on two inventory cost components mentioned by (Schreibfeder 2009), namely holding cost and materials order cost.Figure Economic order quality(EOQ)The EOQ graph in Figure 4 indicated that the order quantity of 470 tons which the Planner placed on the suppliers promotion was not economical. Rather than saving the company money, the total cost was higher than that of the EOQ of 336 tons. Even the normal order quantity of 420 tons was not as economical as the EOQ of 336 tons. The inventory profile with the new EOQ of 336 tons is shown in (Figure 5 below). It was constructed according to the method shown by (Silver Zufferey 2011) with the probabilistic replenishment lead time and slope (consumption rate). If The EOQ of 336 tons was adopted and orders were placed when the inventory touches 840 tons, it would have kept an average inventory of 840 tons and maximum of about 1000 tons on site. The inventory profile showed that average inventory (840 tons) would be lower than the current average inventory (990 tons) and most importantly it would eliminate the need for outsource warehouse.Figure Raw material inventory profile2.3 Labour cost analysisThe operations team reviewed the profit and loss statement and found out that there were 50 per cen t more overtime paid to fulltime workers. It increased from $20 000 to $30 000 per month in the last three months. The amount of overtime was mainly paid to the warehouse staff. The operations team interviewed the warehouse supervisor and found that when the raw materials warehouse is full, they would move the materials to the finished goods warehouse for temporary storage, and shift it back when there are more spaces. One round trip to transport one ton of materials on a fork lift would require two minutes. These are considered double handling of materials as stated by (Liker Franz 2011). This is one of the Wastes in Lean manufacturing namely (transportation) that should be avoided (Slack, Brandon-Jones, Johnston, R Betts, A 2012).ConclusionThe drop in Availability rate was due to the longer breakdown time required to clean the pressing die as there was no spare pressing die available. It appears that both the Planner and Maintenance supervisor required an improved communication system for the spare parts ordering. The capacity size decision graph in Figure 3 showed that the most economical run of the white products is 24 tons. Any smaller run size would result in speed loss and contribute negatively to the performance rate. The quality records showed that the drop in quality rate was due to the rework materials generated from the increased white runs per month. These root causes need to be addressed in order to improve the % OEE from the current level of 81 per cent back to 90 per cent.The EOQ graph in Figure 4 indicated that the order quantity of 470 tons which the Planner placed on the suppliers promotion was not economical even the normal order quantity of 420 tons was not economical. The associated total costs were both higher than that of the EOQ of 336 tons it increased the average raw materials inventory level on site and causes inventory overflow to the outsource warehouse. There were double handling of materials by thewarehouse staff and this is a transportation waste which needs to be avoided according to the lean manufacturing principals described by (Liker Franz 2011).4 RecommendationsThe maintenance supervisor should use a Kanban system to signal a pull to the Planner to order outsource services to clean the pressing die. Kanban is a visual signal system advocated by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota and mentioned by (Liker Franz 2011). The Maintenance supervisor can use a red box to signal that the pressing die is ready to be picked up and send outside for cleaning. When the cleaned pressing die returns, it can be placed in a green box indicating it is ready to be used, similar to the dual card system described by (Chen Subramaniamac 2012).The plant needs to set up an operating policy which states that the minimum size is to be 24 tons for white product.The Planner needs to maintain a discipline of using the EOQ of 336 tons for replenishment order of the raw materials and placing the purchasing order when the raw mat erials inventory touches 840 tons (a re-order point about one week before it reaches the safety stock of 672 tons). The inventory profile should be reviewed every three months to update the consumption rate to determine the new re-order point.The plant needs to provide training to operating staff regarding the Wastes of Manufacturing especially the warehouse staff as a way to promote the learning culture as advocated in Toyota and stated by (Liker Franz 2011). The operations performance such as OEE should be shared with all staff and initiate counter measures to poor performances. This will connect the staff to the continuous improvement cycle to achieve operational excellence.

The Joy Luck Club Essay Example for Free

The Joy batch Club EssayThe Joy Luck Club is a story of a monthly mah-jong gathering whose members consists of four Chinese stimulates with American-born lady friends. The novel is narrated by the four mothers and their daughters. At these meetings, the mothers share their cin one casern of the maturement rift among their daughters and Chinese customs. Each mother shares her story of her life in China and for each one daughter tells her story virtually her life in America. In The Joy Luck Club, the consistent conflict is formulated from the cultural and ideological conflict between the mothers and daughters. Tensions arise out of the struggle to adapt to the American way of life when old customs are expected to be honored. Communications between both sides are particular, and from this, they all struggle with the expectations that they have a bun in the oven for each other. Amy Tans novel provides the reader the perspectives from two vastly divers(prenominal) worlds th e conflicts the mothers faced and how the Chinese values conflict with American values in the lives of the daughters. In Amy Tans novel, the mother is sh proclaim attempt with adapting to the American way of life, while the daughters try and honor the old Chinese customs.The mothers constantly criticize their daughters and always expect their daughters to respect and honor their plectrum. The mothers relate their preceding(a) to their daughter, so that they may realize the struggle they had faced. The mothers wish for the daughter to live a better life than the one she had back in China is revealed in the conversation between the Chinese woman and her swan on her journey to America in the novels first prologue. Her wish In America I leave have a daughter just like me. But over at that place nobody go forth say her worth is measured by the mass of her husbands belch.Over there nobody will look down on her, because I will make her speak only perfect English. And over there she will always be too full to swallow any sorrow this shows that the mother only wishes for her daughter to have a promising and not face any hardships (The Joy Luck Club, 17). The mothers prospects for her daughter are the real reason that tension arises between the mother and daughter. The Chinese way consists of not expressing ones desires, not speaking up, and not making choices. The American way consists of exercising choices and speaking up for oneself.This Chinese custom was vigorously expressed throughout the novel as the mothers told their stories about forced marriage, war experience, the love and longing for a mother, and sacrifice. All these were causes of not speaking up for themselves and making their lives the way they cute. Shame was withal other(prenominal) tradition that had to be followed. Control of the children (in Chinese and Japanese families) was maintained by nurturing encounterings of shame and guilt. The mothers tried to teach their daughters of these ways and the culture of the Chinese people hardly resulted in a different manner than expected.The daughters see their lives in a different perspective. Regardless of shame and surrounding, the daughters would openly disrespect their mother and feel warrant for doing so. They try and follow the American society, while struggling to maintain their Chinese heritage, through the heavy influence of their mothers. The daughters do not realize why their mothers nip them so much. They feel that their mothers never look up to them or respect their choices. The American daughters are alien to Chinese culture as much as they are to their mothers uncanny, Chinese ways of thinking.Part of that society would be a Language barrier, which causes restriction of the mother understanding her daughter and valetudinarianism versa. While the daughters, all born in America, entirely adapt to the customs and language of the new land, the immigrant mothers still hold onto those of China. The mothers c apability of speaking English is limited to that of their daughters. The daughters assume that the mothers are not as educated as they are, for their inability to speak and express themselves in English.The Joy Luck Club mothers can feel their daughters impression on them when they see their daughters growing impatient every time they speak Chinese they think their daughters perceive them as be stupid because of their incapability of speaking fluent English. The language barrier that existed between them was such that both mother and daughter imperfectly translated each other words and meanings. The mothers attempted to communicate by taking classes, hand gestures and sometimes even asking their daughter to translate on their behalf. Lena St.Clairs mother has trouble expressing herself in English. She get to married an English speaking man, save he expected her to learn English, while he himself frame no effort in learning Chinese. In her frightening attempt, she would use ha nd gestures and expressed her emotions through exerting them. Most of the time the husband would not understand her and would assume what she would say save the daughter was capable of translating but could not speak the language. Because of this, Lena defines her mother as a displaced person who has difficulties expressing herself in English.In this dilemma the mothers were not capable of teaching their daughters why Chinese thinking is best. Stress and frustration would accumulate from the misunderstanding and failure of understanding one another. The mother always expected the daughter to know what she was trying to get crosswise but the mothers could not put their thoughts into words. As a result, the daughters often felt justified in believing that their mothers had nothing worthwhile to say. When the mother talks about the American ways, the daughter is willing to listen when the mother shows her Chinese ways, the daughter ignores her.The mother is thus unable to teach her da ughter the Chinese ways of obeying parents, of comprehend to the mothers mind, of hiding her thoughts, of knowing her own worth without becoming vain. On the other hand, the daughters would always feel that their mothers were trying hard to make them another version of themselves. The mothers failed to realize that the daughters did put exceptional work into trying to understand their mothers. The daughters would listen and try to emotionally attach themselves through conversations with their mothers but the mothers, took matter into their own hands and tried to show their superiority.When the story is being told from a daughters point of view, the mother always speaks in incorrect English. This highlights the distance between the younger and older generations, as the mothers and daughters frequently misinterpret or misunderstand each other. A prime example is when Waverly confuses Taiyuan, her mothers birthplace, with Taiwan, which is a different place altogether. The mother loudl y corrects her, causing any chance of communication between her and her daughter to halt because Waverly upset with her mothers lack of recognizing the attempt that her daughter had put in to try and relate to her.The daughters realize and acknowledge to themselves, the fact that they lack any solid communication with their mothers and realize that this is what is causing them to drift apart from their roots. They also see this as to why their mothers are always trying so hard to compromise for their daughters by talking to them in English so that they may grasp at least the basics of the Chinese customs. The mothers influence is shown as a force that drives the daughter to always live her life in the grace of her mother and state of constantly trying to please.The mother demands for her daughter to obey her, and the mothers always have a response or answer for every plaza her daughter faces. The mothers in the novel, struggle to keep their daughters to rise to expectations. They always wanted their daughters to be the best and strived toward their excellence. The Chinese mothers were taught that regardless of the circumstance, the mothers wishes must always be fulfilled. As with Jing-Meis mother wanted her to go bad any form of child prodigy, like Waverly, but Jing-Mei failed to rise to her mothers expectation, even after all the dedication and tests her mother prepares for her.In the mothers childhood, there was no talking back to your mother, in an essences, the daughter was to soon be like her mother (a reflection of her mother). They tried to teach this to their daughter but also involving the American standards, which did not mix to well. The American way was of freedom and choice, which the mothers wanted but to accomplish that, the daughters would have to move away from the Chinese standards, since choice was not permitted. The mothers only wanted the best quality life for her daughter and for her daughter to grow in an environment of less hardship. I wanted my children to have the best combination American circumstances and Chinese character. How could I know these things do not mix? (The Joy Luck Club, 254). The mothers influence cast a shadow on their daughters life. The daughters always felt that their mother would not approve and therefore, felt they were a disappointment to their mothers. In some cases, the daughter would openly tell her mother that the mother had wished for another daughter.In Waverlys situation, she felt her mother always put a black spot where there was once white. Her life was not according to her mothers teachings. She was divorced and had a child. She was now dating a man, not of Chinese decent. As a token of love he had given her a fur coat that she loved so dearly. Looking at the coat in the mirror, I couldnt fend off the strength of her will anymore, her ability to make me see black where there was once white, white where there was once black. The coat looked shabby, an imitation of romance. (T he Joy Luck Club, 169).The daughters only wanted their mother to see what they saw and to understand that Chinese customs, superstitions and culture, was not easily accepted in America. Jing-Mei, the daughter of a deceased mother, could not please her mother when she was alive because of her reluctance in becoming someone she was not. She tried her best, when her mother arranged special tests, to see where her daughters strengths were and potential areas of Jing-Mei could become a prodigy in.All Jing-Mei had left to say was, that parents shouldnt criticize children. They should encourage instead. You know, people rise to other peoples expectations. And when you criticize, it just means youre expecting failure. Thats the trouble, my mother said. You never rise. Lazy to get up. Lazy to rise to expectations. (The Joy Luck Club, 31). Because the there is a distance between the mother and daughter, the daughters try to push away from their mother clutch and become their own woman.The d aughters want to grab the traditional sons position, to move out of the home and into the workplace, to climb the ladder of success. The daughters, by the end of the novel come to realize that no matter how hard they try to avoid their mothers, they all contain a heavy portion of their Chinese heritage alongside they discover that they are very much like their mothers. Amy Tans novel has a sense of truth about mother/daughter relationships, when the daughter is born of another country and the mother of another.They sorrow as they discuss how their daughters are unwilling to take their Chinese heritage, have forgotten the roots of their culture and language, and have changed their family structures. However, the daughters only wish that their mothers would not inhibit them and see their side of the story. In the end, the mothers could not change their values to those of America and the daughters could not change their values to those of China, and in trying to do so, they created a clash and conflict in their relationships.

Roman Catholic Contemporary Tradition Of Moral Theology Theology Religion Essay

Roman Catholic Contemporary Tradition Of Moral theological system Theology Religion EssayAn Introduction to Moral Theology was originally written in December of 1990 by William E. may. It was create by Our Sunday Visitor, Inc. in 1991, just introductory to the Encyclical Letter of John capital of Minnesota II, Veritatis Splendor, which was published in 1994. Later in 1994, may published his revised magnetic declination ab bulge out likely to incorporate and respond to the clarifications provided by Veritatis Splendor. With the second sport, published in 2003, he further expanded his work and provides a very clear and total analysis of Christian virtuous theology.May maintains a strong emphasis on the Christian virtuous principles purported by Germain Grisez and his companion moral theologians John Finnis and Joseph Boyle. May maintains fidelity to the Roman Catholic Magisterium and offers a strong open upation that stems from his avouch expertise including his knowledge of bioethics.William May is definitely main-stream and possesses a sound and loyal devotion to the post Vatican II reconnection with Aquinian moral principles. If t here is a criticism of Mays book, it is that he possesses such a deep and profound taste of the evolution of modern moral theology, including the myriad of revisionist authors and their various schools of thought, that he is capable and somewhat prone to lose a novice in the complexity. His book may better serve the grade student who possesses a core understanding of moral theology, rather than the neophyte or liberal arts undergraduate.May demonstrates repeated loyalty to the theories and teachings of Germain Grisez and often defends them in combination with John Finnis and Joseph Boyle. May, Grisez, Finnis and Boyle eat up also collaborated in publishing otherwise works. May also brings other authors and theologians into his comparative analysis including Martin Rhonheimer, Joseph Fuchs, Richard Gula, Charles Cur ran and Timothy OConnell among many others. May fearlessly pits their views on moral theology against Aquinas Summa , Veritatis Splendor and the documents from Vatican II, especially when sorting out the complex definitions of inseparable impartiality. Although fearless in his quest for fidelity to Roman Catholic tradition and the Magisterium, he is both thorough and contextually compassionate to the oppo repulsivenessg ideas presented by the revisionists and proportionalists, pointing out their positive contributions as well as their serious theological flaws. May is not timid and he quickly rejects their infidelity to the foundational underpinnings of Roman Catholic theology while simultaneously attempting to understand why they have elect a contrary stance to Aquinas, Veritatis Splendor, or similar post Vatican II magisterial interpretations. merciful Dignity and Free Human satisfyIn Mays world-class edition, he listed two kinds of human dignity stating, According to Cathol ic tradition, as found in Aquinas and in the teachings of Vatican Council II, there is a twofold dignity proper to human beings one is intrinsic and an endowment or gift the other is also intrinsic, but is an achievement or acquisition.1Referring to Dignitatis Humane, which was published in 1965, but more notably, citing Veritatis Splendor, May is motivated to add a third kind of human dignity in his revision that he calls,A rigorously gratuitous gift from matinee idol himself, who gives this to us when, through baptism, we argon re-generated as idols very own children and given the vocation to become holy, even as the supernal Father is holy, and to be co-workers with Christ, his collaborators in redeeming the world. This dignity is a treasure entrusted to us, and we can lose it by freely choo hell on earthg to do what is gravely evil.2In safekeeping with his recognized mainstream Roman Catholic theology, May incorporates John Paul IIs renewed focus on moral absolutes, together w ith the theological rectitudes presented in Veritatis Splendor, and inculcates this vision into in his two revisions. May was already a proponent of Aquinas and he spends a great deal of time, devoting an entire section of his book on raw(a) law in Aquinas as developed in the Summa Theologiae. He contrasts Aquinas with Ulpians definitions of intrinsic law and and then focuses on Aquinas teaching of inseparable law in the Summa Contra Gentiles. His Revised Edition adds a section on natural law from Vatican II and then in his Second Edition he also adds sections to his book to include the theology of John Paul II as well as Martin Rhonheimer. Mays theology is strong on moral responsibility and their resulting norms. One example is how he interweaves the teaching on natural law from Aquinas with the theology evince by Grisez, Boyle and Finnis concluding, It is the natural law which is perfected, fulfilled, and completed by the evangelical law of love, of a more-than-human kind o f love, the love that God himself has for us. When we atomic number 18 concerned with our purport as moral individuals in Christ, we shall seek to know how the evangelical law of love fulfills and completes the natural law.3As already noted, May is not shy about identifying and attacking the revisionist theologians and pitting them against Veritatis Splendor and the teachings of the Magisterium. He reviews and sheds light upon the writings of a myriad of the post-Vatican II revisionists including Louis Janssens, Josef Fuchs, Richard Gula, Richard McCormick, Timothy E. OConnell, Franz Bckle, Charles E. Curran, Bernard Hring, Franz Scholz, Peter Knauer, and Bruno Schller. May defends moral absolutes using strong and c befully documented arguments as they are depict in the Catechism of the Roman Catholic Church and Veritatis Splendor by John Paul II. He ultimately concludes,Revisionists, in their arguments based on the wholeness or totality of the human act, focus on the agents rem ote or ulterior end or further determination, i.e., on the good that the agent hopes to realize by choosing to do x here and now, or the evil that the agent hopes to avoid by choosing to do x here and now. But they fail to take seriously indeed, they even ignore the moral significance of the x that is chosen to realize this end and the fact that the agent freely departs this x as a chosen means, for it is the proximate end of his will act and the present intention that shapes his moral being. Revisionists are thus led to redescribe human actions in terms of their hoped-for results. Secondly, it incorrectly redescribes actions in terms of their anticipated results and by doing so fails to reveal and at times even conceals what moral agents are in fact choosing and doing emphasis added.4On Human Action and VirtueMay provides a solid and clear understanding of human action and free choice. Mays first edition (1991) is virtually void of a backchat on the honors. He does mention v irtues and vices in his section, The Basic Understanding of Law in the Summa Theologiae, but his goal is targeted towards a discussion of goods and habits deep down lasting Law and Natural Law. His revised (1994) and second (2003) editions add a section dedicated to the virtues. He reflects on Grisez, Aquinas and their discussion of virtue, but less as an instruction on the virtues and more as a response to Veritatis Splendors emphasis on the virtues and their importance and effect on free human action and fundamental law of conscience in the moral life. May has a brief discussion on the Cardinal Virtues and specifically side-steps the Theological Virtues stating,I will not here consider his Aquinas teaching on the theological virtues of faith, hope, and charity and his teaching that, with charity, God infuses supernatural moral virtues of prudence, justice, fortitude, abstemiousness, etc. These aspects of his teaching are well set onward by Romanus Cessario in The Moral Virtue s and Theological Ethics and Virtue or the Examined Life. An excellent brief account of doubting Thomass teaching on the virtues can be found in T. C. OBriens article on virtue in the refreshing Catholic Encyclopedia.5Turning then to the Cardinal Virtues, May first reflects on Aquinas discussion of appetites and how they contribute to the formation of the Cardinal Virtues. May states,This text prepares the way for Aquinass division of the moral virtues perfecting the appetites into the classical cardinal virtues, namely, those of prudence (perfecting ones practical reason), justice (perfecting the appetite of the will), temperance (perfecting the concupiscible appetite), and fortitude (perfecting the irascible appetite).6In coincidence with and in defense of Germain Grisez, May sees a relationship betwixt moral virtues and moral principles. He influences that a virtue is akin to a good habit, citing fairness and justice, and asserting that ones individualality is affected by eac h of the commitments and moral norms practiced by that person. May states,Some at present oppose a virtue-based ethics to a normative or principle-based ethics. This debate is in my opinion misplaced. The following passage from Grisez indicates the proper relationship mingled with virtues and moral principles What, he asks, is the connection between moral principles and virtues? Do we have two distinct, perhaps even competing, approaches to morality an ethics of moral truth versus an ethics of virtue? Not at all. Take the Golden Rule. One who consistently chooses fairly and works consistently to carry out such choices is a fair person a person, that is, with the virtue of fairness or justice. A virtue is nothing other than an aspect of the personality of a person integrated through commitments and other choices made in accord with relevant moral norms derived from the relevant modes of responsibility. In other lyric poem living by the standard of fairness makes a person fair.7 This assertion of May also coincides with Veritatis Splendor and how John Paul II views human acts as moral acts and how they express the morality of the individual person. John Paul II states,Human acts are moral acts because they express and determine the goodness or evil of the individual who performs them. They do not produce a wobble merely in the state of affairs outside of man but, to the extent that they are deliberate choices, they give moral definition to the very person who performs them, find his profound spiritual traits.8Natural Law, Central to Mays Moral TheologyWilliam May dedicates his longest chapter (chapter 3, of 55 pages) of his second edition (2003) on natural law. He concentrates on several areas of natural law, including the teachings of Aquinas, Ulpians definition, the Summa Contra Gentiles, Vatican II, the teaching of John Paul II, and the theology of Germain Grisez, John Finnis and Joseph Boyle. He also discusses areas of agreement between Rhonheimer and Grisez, Finnis, and Boyle and then turns to areas of disagreement between them and Rhonheimer. finally he reviews the relationship between natural law and virtue.Kevin Flannery, who reviewed Mays 1994 revision for The Thomist, agrees and comments, The core of the book is chapter two in which May discusses the natural law theory of Thomas Aquinas and its development by Grisez, Finnis and Boyle. Anyone interested in a quick, accurate introduction to natural law theory as understood in its exchange tradition could do no better than to read these 63 pages.9Mays incorporation of Rhonheimers position on natural law did not come until the second edition was published in 2003. The core of his use of Rhonheimer supports Grisez et al. noting that as held by Aquinas, natural law is a work of practical reason. He opposes the moralists that deny moral absolutes and accepts that natural reason naturally apprehends the goods that are to be pursued and done. As May states, Rhonheimer agrees with Grisez et al. in holding that according to Aquinas and reality our knowledge of the truths of natural law is not derived from metaphysics or anthropology or any speculative knowledge. With them, he opposes those who maintain the opposite, explicitly acknowledging his debt to Grisez on this matter.10Rhonheimer disagrees with Grisez et al. in three major areas stated succinctly by May as, (a) the distinction between the perceptive-practical and descriptive-reflexive levels of practical reason (b) the relationship between natural law and virtue and (c) the movement from the first or common principles of natural law to its proximate or immediate conclusions.11May also notes additional disagreement of Rhonheimer with Grisez et al. and indicates that this is his own opinion as well, noting that Rhonheimer does not show how proximate conclusions are found to be true in light of prior principles. May states,Rhonheimer does not, however, explicitly show how the primary principles of natur al law serve as expound in the light of which one can show the truth of the proximate and immediate conclusions. In this, he seems to follow Aquinas himself. As we have seen, Grisez, Finnis, and Boyle turn over correctly in my opinion that one must show clearly how the so-called proximate conclusions are shown to be true in the light of prior principles.12In his revised editions, May includes a concise section on the teaching of John Paul II and most importantly as it is expressed in Veritatis Splendor. May demonstrates that one of John Paul IIs main points is that, in order to respect the dignity of our neighbor, one must refrain from destroying or disconfirming the goods of our neighbor and even, cherish the real goods perfective in him.13In addition and in agreement with Aquinas who states, Hence it is clear that the goodness of the human will depends much more upon ceaseless law than upon human reason14, May emphasizes the core of John Paul IIs thoughts on natural law stat ing, The highest law is Gods heaven-sent, eonian law. The natural law is our human, intelligent participation in this eternal law, which we can come to know through the exercise of our practical reasoning.15May then directs his indorser to the Catechism of the Catholic Church (nos. 1950-1960) for further clarity on eternal and natural law. here(predicate), is where the passage referring to Leo XIII, Libertas praestantissimum, 579, is encountered in the Catechism that states,The natural law is written and engraved in the soul of each and every man, because it is human reason ordaining him to do good and forbidding him to sin But this command of human reason would not have the force of law if it were not the voice and interpreter of a higher reason to which our spirit and our freedom must be submitted.16According to Mays convincing and methodical presentations, John Paul II, the Second Vatican Council, Grisez et al., Aquinas, and May himself all agree, natural law that is perfecte d, fulfilled, and completed by the evangelical law of love, of a more-than-human kind of love, the love that God himself has for us.17Moral Absolutes and the Battle with the RevisionistsMay contested the revisionists long before the appearance of Veritatis Splendor and the re-centering of Catholic moral theology on the precepts of Aquinas. In his 1980 compilation of essays authorize Principles of Catholic Moral Life18May, together with William Cardinal Baum, compiled a series of essays that were unequivocally Thomistic and criticized the proportionalist and consequentialist view that had developed in several theological circles. In Mays own contribution to the volume, he provided an essay entitled, The natural law and Objective Morality A Thomistic Perspective. He states, Today circa 1979 a significant number of Roman Catholic moral theologians find it necessary to dissent from authoritative teachings of the Roman Catholic Church on moral questions. The Magisterium of the Church t eaches that some specifiable sorts of human acts are wicked and contrary to the principles of the natural law.19According to May, the root cause of the revisionists rejection of moral absolutes stems from the Majority trace which was a document dated, (27 May 1966) of the majority theologians of the Pontifical equip on Population, Family and Birth, in which they sought to explain why, if contraceptive intercourse is morally good, nevertheless various other masturbatory acts between spouses are not.20May, referring to Documentum Syntheticum, (in Hoyt, p. 72), further highlights the notions of the revisionist theologians of the Majority Report that state, Infertile conjugal acts constitute a totality with fertile acts and have a single moral specification namely, the fostering of love responsibly toward benevolent fecundity.21May points out that the theologians of the Majority Report say,that the moral physical object of their act is the fostering of love responsibly toward a gen erous fecundity.They define this as obviously something good, not bad. Revisionists, cite that the specific moral absolutes defended in the Catholic tradition and affirmed by the magisterium isolate partial aspects of human acts and, on the basis of such isolated aspects, knuckle under decisive moral judgments about them. Their claim is that reason, objectivity, and truth require that an action be evaluated as right or wrong entirely as a totality that includes all the circumstances and motivations, considered in relation to all the premoral (but morally relevant) goods and bads involved in that totality.22May then goes on to show that from this line of thinking the revisionist theologians including those he names Franz Bckle, Charles E. Curran, Josef Fuchs, Bernard Hring, Louis Janssens, Richard McCormick, Timothy E. OConnell, Richard Gula, Franz Scholz, and Bruno Schller, develop the theories of proportionate good, the preference principle, and the denial of moral absolutes. Another group of theologians sometimes called the minority give out theologians including Germain Girsez, John Finnis, Joseph Boyle, and others, including William May himself, hold fast to the teachings of Aquinas, and defend moral absolutes. In the 2003 second edition of his book, May also points out that in their understanding of the object of a human act, the minority report theologians coincide with both the Catechism of the Catholic Church and John Paul II in Veritatis Splendor. May clearly states,With this understanding of the object of a human act in mind, it is easy to grasp John Paul IIs conclusion, namely, that One must reject the thesis, characteristic of teleological and proportionalist theories, which holds that it is impracticable to qualify as morally evil according to its species its object the deliberate choice of certain kinds of behavior or specific acts, apart from consideration of the intention for which the choice is made or the totality of the foreseeable consequences of that act for all persons concerned no. 79 cf. no. 82.23May clearly points out that in Veritatis Splendor, John Paul II refutes the teleologisms of consequentialism and proportionalism declaring that they, are not faithful to the Churchs teaching when they believe that they can justify, as morally good, deliberate choices of kinds of behavior contrary to the commandments of the portend and natural law(cf. no. 75).24Morality and SinMay focuses on three major areas in his discussion of sin (1) the core meaning of sin, (2) the distinction between mortal and venial sin and the basis of this distinction, and (3) the effect of sin on our moral life.25In his discussion on the core meaning of sin, he turns first to scripture, starting with the Old will. According to May, The Old Testament consistently regards sin as a wicked rebellion against the Lord.26Here he reflects on the words to describe sin such as unfaithfulness, adultery, foolishness, and abomination. Referring to Sirach, May states, The consistent teaching of the Old Testament is that sin is rooted in human freedom and consists in an abuse of Gods gift of free choice.27He then turns to David and Psalm 51 and highlights what he calls a beautiful summary of sin in the Old Testament with the passage,Have mercy on me, O God, according to thy steadfast love according to thy abundant mercy blot out my transgressions (pesha). Wash me thoroughly from my duskiness (awon), and cleanse me from my sin (hatta t) For I know my transgressions (pesha), and my sin (hattat) is ever before me. Against thee, thee only, have I sinned (hatta), and done that which is evil (ra) in thy sight (Ps 51 1-4).28This is the inauguration for the words used by the priest during Mass, when standing at the side of the altar, he washes his hands, saying quietly, Wash me, O Lord, from my iniquity and cleanse me from my sin.29Turning to the New Testament, May finds words to describe sin like harmatia and harmatma (freely chosen deeds or to choose to miss-the-mark), anomia (lawlessness), adikia (injustice), and skotos (dimmed eyesight or blindness). For May, these words show that sin is an opposition to the truth of God, to Jesus Christ who is the way, the truth, and the life to ones fellowmen, and to the truth of being a human person.30The third area that May discusses in his section on sin is Catholic moral tradition. He reflects on aspects of St. Augustine and Aquinas as well as Gaudium et Spes, and Dignitatis Humanae. He also considers some of the active theologians and their contrary views, including Keane, Curran, Hring, McCormick, and others. True to Mays orthodox view of divine law, he understands that God directs all of creation with charity and lore. In this context he concludes,The highest norm of human life is the divine law eternal, objective, and universal whereby God orders, directs, and governs the entire universe and all the ways of the human community by a plan conceived in wisdom an d love. Man has been made by God to participate in this law, with the result that, under the gentle disposition of divine providence, he can come to compass ever more increasingly the unchanging truth (Dignitatis humanae, no. 3 cf. Gaudium et spes, nos. 16-17).31May then goes on to unfold a clear and phonate discussion of mortal sin and venial sin. He uses many sources including encyclical and magisterial pronouncements, scripture, council teachings, and especially observations from John Paul II. Within this context, he carefully considers and then clearly rejects the fundamental option theories. Finally, at the end of his chapter on sin, May refers his readers directly to the Catechism of the Catholic Church where he clearly embraces its definitions of sin, including mortal and venial sin, which states,God has consigned all men to disobedience, that he may have mercy upon all (Rom 1132). Sin is an utterance, a deed, or a desire contrary to the eternal law (St. Augustine, Faust 2 2 PL 42, 418). It is an offense against God. It rises up against God in a disobedience contrary to the obedience of Christ. Sin is an act contrary to reason. It wounds mans nature and injures human solidarity. The root of all sins lies in mans heart. The kinds and the gravity of sins are determined principally by their objects. To choose deliberately-that is, both knowing it and willing it-something gravely contrary to the divine law and to the ultimate end of man is to commit a mortal sin. This destroys in us the charity without which eternal beatitude is impossible. Unrepented, it brings eternal death. Venial sin constitutes a moral disorder that is reparable by charity, which it allows to subsist in us. The repetition of sins-even venial ones-engenders vices, among which are the capital sins.32In his latest (2003) revised edition of An Introduction to Moral Theology, May includes an appendix to his book, Christian Moral Life and the Catechism of the Catholic Church. He refers his readers to the Catechism and this appendix often, pointing out that the prime source for most definitions within moral theology are best sought there.In his review of Mays book in the New Oxford Reviews, Justin Gullekson agrees with the observations above regarding Mays mainstream Roman Catholic position on sin and states,Sin and moral absolutes These topics are taken up by May with gusto. The pastor, director of religious education or unsettled lay person will find Mays extensive treatment of these matters helpful, especially because he identifies certain theological positions with their corresponding expositors. This book battles the mess people make of their lives when they have been playing according to the ludicrous subjective norms of free choice (if it feels O.K., do it) and so-called conscience (if its not a sin for you, its no sin).33Jesus Christ, Our Moral FoundationMay points out that Jesus Christ is underlying and foundational in Christian morality. He supports this with sections from Gaudium et Spes, Veritatis Splendor, scripture (especially from Pauls letters), and the Catechism of the Catholic Church. As he often does throughout his book, May then turns to articulate positions from Germain Grisez. He points to Grisezs threefold understanding of how Jesus divinizes humanity, producing union with God. The first is, our union with him in divine life as children of God, the second is the bodily union between Jesus and his faithful, the members of his Church and the third is unity between Christ and the Christian in human acts.34The sacraments, and especially the Eucharist within the Mass and Baptism are central to ones union with Christ and humanitys sharing in His sanctifying grace. The Mass is fully a participation in Christs act of salvation and Baptism is the bestowal of ones vocation to not only be within Gods family and a member of the Mystical Body of Christ, but also to assume a greater responsibility to live a moral life as a member of His Mystical Body.In alignment with Aquinas, Veritatis Splendor, and Grisez, May turns to a discussion of the beatitudes, and how they provide, modes of Christian response to specify ways of acting that mark a person whose will, enlivened by the love of God poured into his or her heart, is inwardly disposed to act with confidence 35May turns again to Grisez. Here he enfolds the gifts of the Holy Spirit as found in Isaiah with the beatitudes producing eight modes of Christian response36as follows,1. To expect and accept all good, including the good fruits of ones work, as Gods gift 2. To accept ones limited role in the Body of Christ and fulfill it 3. To put aside or avoid everything which is not necessary or useful in the fulfillment of ones personal vocation 4. To endure fearlessly whatever is necessary or useful for the fulfillment of ones personal vocation 5. To be merciful according to the universal and perfect measure of mercy which God has revealed in Jesus 6. To strive to conform ones whole self to living faith, and roam anything which does not meet this standard 7. To respond to evil with good, not with resistance, much less with destructive action 8. To do no evil that good efficiency come of it, but suffer evil together with Jesus in cooperation with Gods redeeming love -.37By digesting the beatitudes in this way, using Grisezs thoughts, May demonstrates how, in essence, the beatitudes are actually moral foundational norms or virtues for humanity provided directly by Christ.The Church, Teacher of the

Dual Relationships in Counseling

triple Relationships in CounselingDual Relationships in CounselingAccording to Corey (2009), the trouble of threefold affinitys, involving clients and counselors has been widely address by the various professional honourable guidelines. Corey continues to say that except for sexual intimacy with a client, there is not much consensus in the professional atomic number 18a of mental health practitioners regarding the appropriate way to deal with duple or quintuple relationships. The 1995 Code of Ethics for the American Counseling Association (ACA) addressed the issue by urging professional counselors to avoid such relationships due to the capableness harm to the client and the reputation of the counselor. However, consort to Cottone (2009), the ambiguity found in the 1995 ethic code of dual relationships needed to be addressed because the term dual relationships was nondescript and did not give good guidance to the profession or to clients who reserve an ethical concern or complaint.Hermann and Robinson-Kurpius (2006) stated that one of the goals in revising the 1995 ACA Code of Ethics was to provide more ethically acceptable and structured guidelines for counselors to lead before entering into dual relationships. Herman and Robinson-Kurpius state that The 2005 ACA Code of Ethics replaces the term dual relationship with nonprofessional interactions and outlines which dual relationships atomic number 18 ethically acceptable and which be strictly prohibited.Corey (2009) stated that dual relationships, either sexual or nonsexual, occur when professionals assume two (or more) roles simultaneously or sequentially with a person desire professional counseling. This may mean two professional roles, such as counselor, and teacher, or combining a professional and a non-professional role, such as counselor and friend or counselor and lover. Dual relationship issues, both sexual and nonsexual, affect virtually all counselors and human development specialist regardless of their figure out setting or clientele. Corey continues to state that counseling professionals must learn how to manage multiple roles and responsibilities in an ethical way. This issue becomes learning to deal effectively with the big businessman differential that is inherent counseling relationship (Corey).Potential Harm The ACA Code of Ethics (2005) prohibits quixotic and sexual interactions between counselor and client. The ACA requires a counselor to stop five years before becoming involved sexually or romantically with former clients. Section A.5.b states that counselors are prohibited from having sex or romantic relationships with family members of clients for five years as well (ACA, 2005). The ways in which counselors can misuse their power and influence are varied. Kagle and Giebelhausen (1994) argued that relationships that are not sexual split professional boundaries when they state, The practitioners influence and the clients vulnerability carry over to the second relationship (p. 215). The viewpoint of Kagle and Giebelhausen is that the practitioner is in a position to exploit the client for his or her own personal gain. Sonne (1994) has argued that the nature of such dual relationships undermines the financial responsibility between the counselor and the client. Because of this second relationship, the counselor is now susceptible to other interests (personal, financial, or social, etc.) that he or she may put before the best interests of the client.Potential BenefitsAccording to Corey (2009), the ways in which counselors can misuse their power and influence are varied. In some instances, maintaining such boundaries may in fact place a needless emphasis on the power gap and the hierarchy of the relationship. Strangely, in these situations, the secondary relationship is destructive to the counseling relationship because it was avoided (Corey).Pope and Keith-Spiegel (2008) argue that nonsexual limit ford has the potential of s trengthening the therapist-client working relationship by enriching therapy and serving the treatment plan however, if dual relationships are not approached with a clear decision process the relationship could undermine therapy causing the therapist-patient alliance to be cut off, and cause immediate or long-term harm to the client. Pope and Keith-Spiegel contend that boundary- pass over decisions are made daily by counselors, and these subtle decisions will sometimes affect whether therapy progresses, stalls, or ends.Pope and Keith-Spiegel (2008) state that counselors make the best decisions when they have an approach to boundary crossing that is based upon sound critical thinking and ethical reasoning. It is important for counselors to stay alert to evolving legislation and case law affecting ethical standards as well as current research.Ethical Decision outgrowthSimon and Shuman (2007) state the responsible counselors are in the habit of setting and maintaining appropriate bound aries, even when working with boundary-testing and difficult clients. They also contend that there are no perfect therapists thus no perfect therapy. This fact alone should motivate counselors to know their boundaries because doing so will make the difficult task easier.Boundary violations in therapy are different from boundary crossings, according to Remley and Herlihy (2009). Boundary violations by counselors can be and are for the most part harmful to their patients, however, most boundary crossings are not and can prove to be beneficial. According to Knapp and Slattery (2004), it helps to distinguish between behaviors that are boundary cross and behavior that are boundary violations. (Taken from Pope, Kenneth S. Keith-Spiegel, Patricia. Journal of clinical Psychology, May2008, Vol. 64 Issue 5, p638-652, 15p inside 10.1002/jclp.20477 (AN 31735122)In 2004, Knapp and Slattery stated that when a counselor strays from their professional role, a boundary crossing has occurred. The aut hors continue to explain that boundary crossing are not always harmful, but they can proved to be helpful or at best neutral. Two beneficial boundary-crossing examples were given. The first is where a holiday gift is received from a client and the other is when a counselor self-discloses in order to help the client. In any circumstance when the potential of boundary-crossing exists, The counselors task is to determine when circumstances justify a boundary crossing if a boundary crossing appears to be harmful or misunderstood by a client, it is important for the counselor and client to process the event and discuss why it occurred and its relationship to the treatment goals. (quoted from http//www.kspope.com/dual/index.php) Before the ACA Ethics Code was revise Gottlieb (1994), developed a decision making model to help the practitioner avoid exploitive dual relationships. An extension of Kitcheners 1988 model, is the model that examines the established relationship on three aspects power, duration, and termination status. Gottliebs protocol then makes recommendations based on the circumstances of the current and contemplated relationship. Examination of these three dimensions from the viewpoint of the consumer, not simply the counselor, is emphasized. Barnett (2007) stated, When considering crossing boundaries with a client, counselors should work to be sure that (a) their intention is motivated by the clients treatment needs and best interests and not by their own needs (b) the boundary crossing is consistent with the clients treatment plan (c) the boundary crossing is sensitive to the clients diagnosis, history, culture, and values (d) the boundary crossingand the reasoning supporting itis documented in the clients record (e) the boundary crossing is discussed, if possible, with the client in advance to ensure his or her comfort with the plan and to prevent misunderstandings (f) the power differential present is considered, and the clients trust is not use and (g) consultation with a respected colleague is used to guide the psychologists decision. (p.403)General guidelines are found throughout the literature to aid counselors when facial gestured with duel relationships (Corey, 2009). When public presentation in more than one role with a client, Corey recommended thinking through potential problems before they manifest and offered the following to guide the process (a) Set hygienic boundaries from the outset (b) secure the informed consent of clients and discuss with them both the potential risks and benefits of dual relationships (c) remain willing to talk with clients about any unforeseen problems and conflicts that may arise (d) consult with other professionals to resolve any dilemmas (e) seek supervision when dual relationships become particularly problematic or when the risk for harm is uplifted (f) document any dual relationship in clinical case notes (g) examine your own motivations for being involved in dual relationships (h) when necessary, refer clients to other professional. (p.50)Conclusion To be a professional counselor I must be responsible thus careful to understand the boundaries that can confuse a therapeutic relationship Boundaries support relationships and give structure within which relationships can grow. They allow us to determine what we are responsible for in a relationship and the appropriate limits of that relationship. Our personal boundaries are often conveyed nonverbally as well as verbally and may be determined by personal worldview, by role, by custom and even by law. They are present in every relationship we have, but differ in intensity and practice according to the nature of the relationship. In most helping relationships, boundaries are maintained primarily for the benefit of the counselee, who is often vulnerable and in need. The challenge that I will face daily is not to decide if it is unethical to engage in multiple relationships, but to be prudent in the management of dual or multiple roles.ReferencesAmerican Counseling Association. (1995). Code of ethics and standards of practice. Alexandria, VA Author.American Counseling Association. (2005). ACA code of ethics. Alexandria, VA. Author.Barnett, J. E., Lazarus, A.A., Vasquez, M.T., Morehead-Slaughter, O. Johnson, W.B. (2007, August). Boundary issues and multiple relationships Fantasy and reality. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 38(4), 401-410. Articles, research, resources in psychology. Retrieved from http//kspope.com/dual/index.phpCorey, G. (2009). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, (8th ed.). Belmont, CA Brook/Cole. Cottone, R. (2009). Allowing dual relationships. Journal of Counseling Development, 87, 241-245.Dual Relationships (n.d.) Retrieved November 9, 2009, from http//kspope.com/dual/gottlieb.phpcopyDual Relationships, Multiple Relationships, Boundary Decisions (n.d.) Retrieved November 9, 2009 from http//kspope.com/dual/index.phpGottlieb, M.C. (1994). Avoiding exploitive dual relationships a decision-making model. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice and Training, 30, 41-48. Articles, research, resources in psychology. Retrieved from http//kspope.com/dual/index.phpHermann, M. A., Robinson-Kurpius, S. (2006). New guidelines on dual relationships. Counseling Today. Retrieved on November 4, 2009 from www.counseling.org/Publications/CounselingTodayArticles.aspx?AGuid=4e95be9d-748a-4b52-accb-bd7db9241cb6.Hillman, J. (1996). Care of the Soul. New York Warner Books.Kagle, J. D., Giebelhausen, P. N. (1994). Dual relationships and professional boundaries. Social Work, 39, 213-220.Knapp, S., Slattery, J., (2004). Professional boundaries in nontraditional settings. Professional Psychology Research Practice, 35 (5), 554. Taken from Pope, Kenneth S. Keith-Spiegel, Patricia. Journal of Clinical Psychology, May2008, Vol. 64 Issue 5, p638-652, 15p DOI 10.1002/jclp.20477 (AN 31735122) Retrieved November 9, 2009 from http//www.kspope.com/ dual/index.phpPope, K., Keith-Spiegel, P., (2008). A practical approach to boundaries in psychotherapy Making decisions, bypassing blunders, and mending fences. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, (5), 638-652. Retrieved November 9, 2009, from Quotes and Information about Boundaries in Therapy Counseling from Articles, Books, Studies http//kspope.com/dual/index.phpRemley, T. P., Herlihy, B. (2009). Ethical, legal, and professional issues in counseling. Boston, MASimon, R., Shuman, D. (2007). Clinical Manual of Psychiatry Law. Arlington, VA American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. Retrieved November 9, 2009, from Quotes and Information about Boundaries in Therapy Counseling from Articles, Books, Studies http//kspope.com/dual/index.phpSonne, J. L. (1994). Multiple relationships Does the natural ethics code answer the right questions? Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 25, 336-343. Retrieved November 4, 2009, from PsycARTICLES database.

The Body Shop Marketing Plan Marketing Essay

The automobile trunk divulge Marketing Plan Marketing EssayThe purpose of this paper is through outline the live mart environment to establish the marketing devise of The Body Shop in Hull to help it hold the competitively position during the spring of 2013.The context of practise will analysis the external environment and the internal environment of the Body stigmatise in Hull, and based on these information to do the SWOT analysis to evaluate the current market and try to build reasonable marketing objectives which atomic add 18 benefits for the development of the their market shargon.background of the Body ShopAccording to the Bodys Shop website, their business is about engaging and inspiring customers around their individual use ups for skin care and hair care this relies on attracting and retaining the skills, knowledge and creative endowment fund to deliver excellent products with exceptional service to their millions of customers world all-inclusive. The company ha s a presence in over 51 countries, conducts business in 21 langu geezerhoods, operates nearly 2000 stores (about 70% are franchised), and employs over 6000 people in company stores, regional offices and UK-based Service concentrate on. Products are as well sold via the Body Shop at bag, an in-home sales plan that operates in 48 US states and Australia and via a company website in the US.Environment analysisIn order to add-on marketing share in a current market, companies must carefully examine a host of issues. One of the some important issues is the marketing environment. The marketing environment includes two essential elements, iodine is external environment, the other one is internal environment.External EnvironmentThis part explores that the trading and ability of an organization to satisfy its customers who are influenced by the external forces which dismount into two categories the macro and micro forces of the marketing environment (Dibb, 2006).Macro EnvironmentThe m acro-environment defined by Worthington and Britton (2009, p.6) as those macro-environmental influences on business which affect a wide variety of businesses and which can emanate not only from local and national sources but overly from international and supranational developments comprises the PEST checklist which stands for Political, Economic, Sociocultural and Technological.PoliticalThe governing will shrink the finance expending, which may further reduce consumers shopping willingness. At the same time, governments al minuscule passed specified law to forbid animal-testing (CNN, 2003). Additionally, this series of industries need to deal with the waste and rubbish, which comes with production. In this expressive style, all over the nations, societies, and companies would keep a sustainable development and material recycle using. The Hull Council involve doorstep recycle collections anda network of recycling sites, and they launch it easy for people to recycle.(www.hullcc. gov.uk,2012)Above all, the whole industry should not make any pollution to our environments. Lastly, the countrys political steady is the square up line to keep a regular industry chain (Nicholls A, Opal C, 2005).EconomicNot only in the UK but similarly in the whole EU, governments are now all suffering from financial issues more or less. Following debt-fuelled growth, households remain laden with debt. As a result, the sweetheart and in the flesh(predicate) care market saw increased price consciousness among consumers and thus a switch to family and great deal purchases during 2011 (Euromonitor International,2012) . In this situation, its really not a positive circumstance for snobbish label products development. More importantly, in such a negative economic situation, the companies need to do mostthing more, such as promotion and discounting, or develop some more products for some more potential consumers.SocioculturalIn this branch, the health and beauty industries need t o take the aging and male potential consumers into consideration, in which way to satisfy their special needs (Euromonitor International,2012).Secondly, an industry should be responsible for their customers. The products need to be developed without any synthetic ingredients in order to lower the happen for health (Euromonitor International,2012),and also over half of women refuse to use any beauty products, which have been tested on animals first.( peel offInc,2008).Lastly and equally importantly, Consumers upgraded to one time bulk purchases in categories such as bath and shower, deodorants, hair care and oral care (Euromonitor International,2012)TechnologyIncreasing the potation of e-commercial sale methods, such like mod coming products introduction and promotion on line, dealing and negotiation over the internet, or business consultants with live video chat. And the company is highly recommended to build their consume website or with some relative partners, via which to disp lay the productions and deepen their sends as well(Euromonitor International,2012).Meanwhile, companies should focus on developing new technologies, for example, whiting, In this way, related companies would also in a positive competitive. Most importantly, an efficient product is the root of a brand as to a company.Micro EnvironmentMicro environment have a very board influence on every organisation operating in a particular market, from market to distributers to competitors to customers, and such an impact is largely universally felt by such organisations (Dibb, 2006, p89).Market2010 is a year of prosperity and growth for the beauty and personal care industry. The growth rate of the industry pass judgment increased from 4% to 5%, which was contributed mostly by the mass market. In particular, with 3% value growth following a 0.5% drop in the at long last year, the recovery of cosmetics was the most eye-catching in this industry(Beauty and Personal Care State of the Industry, 201 1).CustomersTarget referenceThe first target audience is females, age 18 to 34, who have low brand awareness for the personify shop and little discretionary income but still want to indulge in the spa-at-home products.The second target audience is females, age 35 to 55. Currently in the US, there are 43.98 million total women ages 35 to 55.Buyer power(see appendice3).Customer behaviorThe price in Hull are similar low in the market, and people use less money to buy convenience products or high price products like house, so people have more free money to buy beauty products like products which are sold in the Body Shop especially the add up scratch have increased. (www.hullcc.gov.uk/,2012)(see appendice8).CompetitorsThe body shops main rival is Bath Body Works who notchs a variety of beauty products. Bath Body Works runs more than 1600 stores in the UK compared to the body shops 300 nationwide stores. In 2009, the turnover of Bath Body Works exceeded 2,300 million dollars, at the same time, it spent more than 915,000 dollars in advertising(see Appendice7). Compared the website paginate with The Body Shop, they are similar except the color, but The Body Shop have a high high brand loyalty(www.dmnews.com/beauty-product-retailers-tick-all-the-boxes-but-only-one-passes-the-sniff-test/article/265442/,2012)(see Appendice9).SuppliersThe suppliers of this industry could also be divided into three classes. The first one is Top-level brands, Most of the suppliers are sold in bulk and the diversity of special ingredient is not to a fault much, so the power of the suppliers is stronger than other suppliers. The second one is Mid-Level instigators. In this level, the suppliers also produce non-differentiated products and specialized . The power of those suppliers is also strong, and the switching costs are low as the same as top-level brands. The last one is Generic Brands. in that respect are various suppliers in this group, the diversity of the products is low , therefore, the switching costs are low(IAA Cosmetics, 2002).DistributorsThere are two main kinds of distributors. One is according to the traditional distributors, the supermarkets played a dominant role in the distribution channel of beauty and personal care industry in the UK, it accounted for a 49.8% share of totality in 2010. (Hand Body Care Industry Profile, 2011)Another one is internet sell, The internet retailing makes beauty and personal care advanced remarkably.Internal environmentThe last step in the Environment Analysis is gathering information for the internal environment.Brand ImageThe Shop ensures their image by guarantying its cosmetics and personal care products are not tested on ani-mals, and that they contain sustainably sourced oils and other vegetarian ingredients (The Body Shop). In addition, the campaigns in which The Body Shop participates is another step they take to make a difference both environmentally and individually.The company promotes beauty is in the customers eye kinda of the beholders (Hoovers, 2004).Competitive advantagesIf the company can sell the products which are hard to copy and have great value which their competitors cannot have, the company own the competitive advantages which can increase their market share and build their brand identity. We compare The Body Shop with LOreal and OlayNivea(see Appendices3,4).Product/ServiceThe Body Shopoperates in the global cosmetic and toiletries (CT) industry. FromEuromonitior, the CT industry includes the following broad group ofproducts baby care, bath andshower products, deodorants, hair care, color cosmetics, mens grooming products, oral hygiene, fragrance, skincare, sun care anddepilatories. Skin care products are the majority occupying 27% of all products. (Schieffer Multimedia The Body Shop Media Plan ). Company has already produced a range of over 600 beauty and health products and more than 400 related accessories including exfoliating bath gloves, mitts, body buffer s and so on until March, 2010. These products can further be segmented into two categories based onproduct ingredients those made from natural materials and those madefrom synthetic chemicals.As green policies TBS always pursues, company reduces their box by use as little packaging as possible in the first place. For the vast majority of products they use simple bottles and jars, with no secondary packaging (The Body Shop Values Report, 2009) and most of their gift packaging can be reused.TBS also provides varieties of services for customers. TBS official website includes a Technical Support area designed for those experiencing difficulty with the online store. An extensive FAQ section with categories pertaining to shopping, ordering, shipping, returns and so on(see appendice1,2).PriceThe prices are ranged from highest 43 pounds to lowest 2 pounds. Compared with the average income level in Hull, the price of TBSs products can be considered as relatively low-cost level. Compared wi th competitors in Hull, the price of TBS is medium level described as massige price.PlaceIn Hull city, TBS owns two stores managed directly by headquarter. There are also some shops which are run on a franchising basis in Hull. These two shops locating separately in Princes Quay Shopping Centre and St Stephens Shopping Centre which are largest shopping centers in the Hull where can attract quantities of people especially on the weekends.In order to satisfy the customers requirements and obtain timely and expatiate market information, the body shop the reduce the distribution channels, they want to do the direct market which do not contain any agents to sell their products. They use their own shops and websites to do the selling.PromotionThe body shop does little advertising because they regard stores as the most effective platform to advertise themselves.Advertising handed-down media the TBS in Hull advertises on traditional media such as magazines.New media the body shop try to us e new media to attract more customers, they make a high profit through the website campaign.TBS develops an e-CRM structure as network marketing of TBS matures and evolves. This system provides different services containing the Body Shop SPA, personalization program and so on. And TBS in Hull also sells products face to face with kind service. Staff of stores in Hull have been train well to be familiar with products and offer good service.(see appendice5)Following the development of the apple online shop they promote their own app software called Love Your Body. They also build the home shopping party plan in the UK.Personal sellingTBS had built a unique member club for loyal customers where rewards them with discounts, free gifts and access to the kinds of perks and privileges only club membership brings.They also have a lot of discounts and gift packages in different seasons and festivals which can attract customers.SWAT AnalysisStrengths1.Leader of Animal Protection2.Expand E-Com merce Activities3.Innovative products4..High brand loyaltyWeaknesses1.Small number of stores in UK2.Many products are in the mature of declining stage3.little advertisingOpportunitiesBans of animal-testing laws which help the body shop to attract more customers2.Expand The Body Shop at Home Program3.Increased awareness of organic and eco-friendly product4.Increasing number of online buyersThreats1.the shrink finance which influence peoples awareness to buy products2.Competition in Cosmetic Industry3.Risks in corporeal SupplyMarketing Objectives1.Reinvigorate the body shop in the minds of women who have previous experience with the brand to increase the market share.The body shop can do some campaign like give people free samples and show people the material of the product.2.Promote awareness of the Body Shop core brand and ad hoc mens grooming product offerings through targeted channels such that at least 35% of the target demographicare aware ofthe products and the unique values ofthe Body Shop.In Hull there are marginally more males in the general population than females whilst in the East Riding there are marginally more females, this is likely to be a function of the younger population in the city. The Hull City Assessment Report notes that in Hull in under 70 age bands males outnumber females in every age group whilst females outnumber males in older age groups. This highlights the continued trend towards higher female life expectancy(Economic Development Regeneration, 2011)(see Appendices8 ).ConclusionIn conclusion, in order to get a high market share and attract more customers, the body shop should do more advertising and extend their market to the men.AppendicesAppendice1 radiation diagram 1 The Body Shop UK Estimated sales as share of UK cosmetics and toiletries specialists sales, 2006-10SOURCE MintelAppendice2FIGURE 2 The Body Shop Outlet data, 2006-102006 2007 2008 2009 2010UKOutlet numbers312322338329311Of whichCompany owned261282299295297Franch ises6140393414Estimated sales per return (000)542577511477490Estimated sales per outlet (000)797849639536581SOURCE LOral Company Accounts and Annual Reports/MintelAppendice3FIGURE 3 The Body Shop shoppers in last 12 months, by gender, age and socio-economic group, November 2011Note Bars show The Body Shop shoppers relative to all people who have bought skincare, cosmetics and fragrances/aftershaves in the last 12 monthsSOURCE Ipsos Mori/MintelAppendice4FIGURE 4 The Body Shop shoppers in last 12 months, by ACORN group, November 2011Note Bars show The Body Shop shoppers relative to all people who have bought skincare, cosmetics and fragrances/aftershaves in the last 12 monthsSOURCE Ipsos Mori/MintelAppendice5FIGURE 5 The Body Shop Online consumer demographics, three month average to October 2011SOURCE comScore/MintelAppendice6 tabularise 1Table United Kingdom hand body care market distribution % share, by value 2010Channel% ShareSupermarkets/hypermarkets49.8%Pharmacies/drugstores19. 0%Specialist Retailers13.2%Others18.0%Total 100% obtain Datamonitor DATAMONITORAppendice7Table 2Compare with other beauty brandThe body shopLOrealOlayNiveaProduct lineMainly skincareBroadFocus on skincareMarket positionEnvironment friendlyLeaderMajor competitorIn skin body care marketCompetitive advantagesNatural-base brand valueVery experienced global brandLow price product innovationPrice rangeMid-rangeSlightly lower than the body shopMid-low(the body shop, Kannu Priya Rawat 30th Mar 2010)ONS MYE 2009 Hull East Riding GBAppendice8Table 3Resident populationONS MYE 2009 HULL East Riding GBNumber % Number % Number %Resident Population (2009)1 262,400 100%337,000 100%60,003,100 100%Males 132,800 50.6%166,000 49.3%29,495,400 49.2%Females 129,600 49.4%171,000 50.7%30,507,700 50.8%Source ONS Mid Year Estimates 20091Percentage is proportion of total populationAppendice9Figure6the average earning increaseSourceHULL ECONOMIC SITUATION UPDATE No. 31 28 April 2011Appendice9Table 4 compare th e Body Shop with BathBody work

Affirmative Action Essay: Time to Stop Special Privileges

Affirmative Action Time to Stop Special Privileges Imaging beingness a young, black, grad-student, fresh out of law-school, looking for a job. You let out and apply for the career of your dreams, only to find later that you didnt get the job. Petitioning the employer for an explanation, you find that you werent hired out-of-pocket to the color of your skin. Wouldnt this enrage you? Would you cry discrimination, and take the employer to court? Many people would sympathize with you and grant you the decision in the court case. Discrimination deal that has no place in todays ordering. Now imagine the exact same scenario, only instead of being black, youre white. You find and apply for the career of your dreams, only to find later that you didnt get the job. Petitioning the employer for an explanation, you find you werent hired due to the color of your skin. Wouldnt this enrage you? Would you cry discrimination, and take the employer to court? Most people in todays society would h ave no sympathy for you. Because of being white, it is assumed that youve had more opportunities and more people have helped you on your way in life. Is this fair? In two scenarios, identical in everything except for skin tone, two complete opposite conclusions have been drawn. What brought this about? We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. (Declaration of independency . pp. 20) The United States was founded on the ideals that equality was a right of all mankind, and all people should be allowed to better their lives. However, the existence of slavery took away these rights from African-Americans. After the civic War abolished slavery, many white people believed blacks were inferior and the... ...e available to all, or none. Bibliography Biskupic, Joan. Affirmative-action ban gets green light The Denver Post . Nov. 4, 1997 Declaration ofIndependance The Worlds Great Classics. sanctioned Documents of American fib. New YorkGrolier, Inc. pp . 20-25 Gwynne, S.C. Back to the Future Time . Jun. 2, 1997. pp. 48 Hutchison, Keely. Positive and Negative Implications for Individuals. online University of South Carolina. Available http//ecuvax.cis.ecu.edu/academics/schdept/psych/Impla1.htm Pooley, Eric. Fairness or Folly? Time . Jun. 23, 1997. pp. 32-36 Tyson, Amanda. History of Affirmative Action. online University of South Carolina. Available http//ecuvax.cis.ecu.edu/academics/schdept/psych/ahist.htm Whitaker, William A. Affirmative Reaction Harpers Magazine . May1997. p. 24-25

Comparing Four Electronic Tuners Essay -- Compare Contrast Comparison

Comparing Four Electronic Tuners One in every 10,000 Unites States citizens are born with what doctors refer to as absolute seaman and those born with this ability are able to immaculately identify any note they hear. In other words, a person with deliver perfect has built-in tonal memory that allows them to properly label pitches. Unfortunately, most musicians lack this ability, and they work very hard to develop what is known as coitus pitch. Relative pitch refers to a musicians ability to identify pitches in relation to bingle or two memorized pitches. Therefore a person with relative pitch might memorize what an A sounds like and use that pitch as a marker to identify additional pitches heard. Unlike perfect pitch, relative pitch is not instantaneous, and it can become compromised if the musician does not continue to practice the skill. Fortunately, technology is making it far easier for musicians to strive for the perfection anticipate of live music today, and whe re once musicians had to rely entirely on their own senses to identify and play pitches in tune, devices known as radio receivers are helping to correct and develop the occasionally unreliable senses of humans. A piano tuner is simply electronic device that can except an audio input and translate it into some flake of visual aid for the musician. The most common displays consist of either a strobe or some sort of LED/LCD display that indicates the pitch played and whether or not the pitch is accurate. The accuracy of the pitch is measured in cents. For instance if a C is played into the tuner, twenty cents sharp would rigorous that on a scale of 0 100, the pitch being played is 20/100 or 1/5 higher than what is considered to be an accurate C. This also implies that the... ...ge where as the Seiko and Korg have no such guarantees. When evaluated on sensitivity, the Peterson is the clear winner of the four. Finally, it is difficult to objectively rate the value of each tun er. authorized features are more important and useful to some individuals while not to others. Therefore what may seem like a reasonable price to one person may seem unreasonable to another. However, it seems that the Sabine is the best product for the price it is being sold at ($29.99). Despite the fact that it is the only tuner that has a sub 8-octave range, it features a built-in metronome which when bought separately would most likely cost $35.00 (price of a metronome with comparable features). Therefore the recommended personal tuner is the Sabine tuner/metronome. For supplemental photos, tables, and graphs, please see the accompanying PowerPoint slideshow.